scholarly journals Snow Avalanches and Acoustic Emissions

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Sommerfeld ◽  
H. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Active Layers ◽  
Differential Movement ◽  
Emission Activity

Analyses of several years of data show that acoustic emission activity is greater from unstable snowpacks than from stable snowpacks. Two types of signals have been identified: type I spikes and type II long-term elevation of the noise level. It is thought that the type I signals originate from macroscopic cracks. The type II signals may originate from differential movement on shearing surfaces, but this is less certain. Increased noise levels of both types correlate well with slope instability, when the slope stability is known. In some climates the limited range of signal detection might be a significant problem. A foam-mounted geophone set into the snow near active layers appears to be the best sensor available at present.

scholarly journals Snow Avalanches and Acoustic Emissions

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Sommerfeld ◽  
H. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Active Layers ◽  
Differential Movement ◽  
Emission Activity

Analyses of several years of data show that acoustic emission activity is greater from unstable snowpacks than from stable snowpacks. Two types of signals have been identified: type I spikes and type II long-term elevation of the noise level. It is thought that the type I signals originate from macroscopic cracks. The type II signals may originate from differential movement on shearing surfaces, but this is less certain. Increased noise levels of both types correlate well with slope instability, when the slope stability is known. In some climates the limited range of signal detection might be a significant problem. A foam-mounted geophone set into the snow near active layers appears to be the best sensor available at present.

scholarly journals Minimal Invasive Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Hiatus Hernia—Our Experience: A Case Series with Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafique Umer Harvitkar ◽  
Abhijit Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gerd Symptoms

Abstract Introduction Laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) has almost completely replaced the open procedure performed for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatus hernia (HH). Several studies have suggested that long-term results with surgery for GERD are better than a medical line of management. In this retrospective study, we outline our experience with LF over 10 years. Also, we analyze the factors that would help us in better patient selection, thereby positively affecting the outcomes of surgery. Patients and Methods In this retrospective study, we identified 27 patients (14 females and 13 males) operated upon by a single surgeon from 2010 to 2020 at our institution. Out of these, 25 patients (12 females and 13 males) had GERD with type I HH and 2 (both females) had type II HH without GERD. The age range was 24 to 75 years. All patients had undergone oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD scopy). A total of 25 patients had various degrees of esophagitis. Two patients had no esophagitis. These patients were analyzed for age, sex, symptoms, preoperative evaluation, exact procedure performed (Nissen’s vs. Toupet’s vs. cruroplasty + gastropexy), morbidity/mortality, and functional outcomes. They were also reviewed to examine the length of stay, length of procedure, complications, and recurrent symptoms on follow-up. Symptoms were assessed objectively with a score for six classical GERD symptoms preoperatively and on follow-up at 1-, 4- and 6-weeks postsurgery. Further evaluation was performed after 6 months and then annually for 2 years. Results 14 females (53%) and 13 males (48%) with a diagnosis of GERD (with type I HH) and type II HH were operated upon. The mean age was 46 years (24–75 years) and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 (18–32). The range of duration of the preoperative symptoms was 6 months to 2 years. The average operating time dropped from 130 minutes for the first 12 cases to 90 minutes for the last 15 cases. The mean hospital stay was 3 days (range: 2–4 days). In the immediate postoperative period, 72% (n = 18) of the patients reported improvement in the GERD symptoms, while 2 (8%) patients described heartburn (grade I, mild, daily) and 1 (4%) patient described bloating (grade I, daily). A total of 5 patients (20%) reported mild dysphagia to solids in the first 2 postoperative weeks. These symptoms settled down after 2 to 5 weeks of postoperative proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and by adjusting consistency of oral feeds. There was no conversion to open, and we observed no perioperative mortality. There were no patients who underwent redo surgeries in the series. Conclusion LF is a safe and highly effective procedure for a patient with symptoms of GERD, and it gives long-term relief from the symptoms. Stringent selection criteria are necessary to optimize the results of surgery. Experience is associated with a significant reduction of operating time.

A New Classification for Pathologies of Spinal Meninges, Part 1: Dural Cysts, Dissections, and Ectasias

Neurosurgery ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Klekamp
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Dural Sac ◽  
Spinal Cord Herniation ◽  
Dural Defects

Abstract BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of pathologies of the spinal dura is often unclear and their management controversial. OBJECTIVE: To classify spinal dural pathologies analogous to vascular aneurysms, present their symptoms and surgical results. METHODS: Among 1519 patients with spinal space-occupying lesions, 66 patients demonstrated dural pathologies. Neuroradiological and surgical features were reviewed and clinical data analyzed. RESULTS: Saccular dural diverticula (type I, n = 28) caused by defects of both dural layers, dissections between dural layers (type II, n = 29) due to defects of the inner layer, and dural ectasias (type III, n = 9) related to structural changes of the dura were distinguished. For all types, symptoms consisted of local pain followed by signs of radiculopathy or myelopathy, while one patient with dural ectasia presented a low-pressure syndrome and 10 patients with dural dissections additional spinal cord herniation. Type I and type II pathologies required occlusion of their dural defects via extradural (type I) or intradural (type II) approaches. For type III pathologies of the dural sac no surgery was recommended. Favorable results were obtained in all 14 patients with type I and 13 of 15 patients with type II pathologies undergoing surgery. CONCLUSION: The majority of dural pathologies involving root sleeves remain asymptomatic, while those of the dural sac commonly lead to pain and neurological symptoms. Type I and type II pathologies were treated with good long-term results occluding their dural defects, while ectasias of the dural sac (type III) were managed conservatively.

Plasma endothelin-1 and total insulin exposure in diabetes mellitus

1999 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flemming WOLLESEN ◽  
Lars BERGLUND ◽  
Christian BERNE
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Dose ◽  
Albumin Excretion Rate ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Insulin stimulates endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in a dose-response relationship, and ET-1 effects on vascular wall structure are similar to the long-term complications of diabetes. We therefore determined whether the plasma ET-1 concentration in patients with diabetes is associated with their total insulin exposure to see if plasma ET-1 might be a link between insulin exposure and long-term complications of diabetes. We studied 69 patients with Type I and 40 patients with Type II diabetes mellitus in equally tight glycaemic control for 2 years in a cross-sectional design. We measured basal and glucagon-stimulated plasma C-peptide, abdominal sagittal diameter, skinfold thickness, glomerular filtration rate, albumin excretion rate and standard clinical characteristics. Mean HbA1c was 6.4% in Type I and 6.3% in Type II diabetes. Patients with an albumin excretion rate > 300 μg/min were excluded. Adjusted mean plasma ET-1 was 4.11 (S.E.M. 0.39) pg/ml in 21 normal subjects, 3.47 (0.19) pg/ml in Type I diabetes and 4.84 (0.26) pg/ml in Type II diabetes (P = 0.0001). In all patients with measurable plasma C-peptide, plasma ET-1 was associated with basal plasma C-peptide (r = 0.5018, P < 0.0001), with stimulated plasma C-peptide (r = 0.5379, P < 0.0001), and with total daily insulin dose (r = 0.2219, P = 0.00851). Abdominal obesity, metabolic abnormalities, blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate were not associated with plasma ET-1, when corrected for C-peptide and daily insulin dose. Our study shows that the plasma concentration of ET-1 is closely associated with insulin secretion and insulin dose in patients with diabetes. Plasma ET-1 is higher in Type II diabetes than in Type I diabetes. Increased insulin exposure in patients with diabetes may have long-term effects on vascular wall structure through its stimulation of ET-1 expression.

scholarly journals Clasificación de los murciélagos de la región de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, respecto a su respuesta a la fragmentación del hábitat

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Galindo González
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Los Tuxtlas ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Dependent Type

I propose three types of bat species according to their response to habitat fragmentation in Los Tuxtlas region: Type I (habitat dependent), Type II (vulnerable), and Type III (adaptable). Effects of habitat fragmentation on bat genetic structure will be primarily patent on Type I bats, and the major effect will be observed at long term.

Presentation and Long-Term Follow-up of Refractory Celiac Disease: Comparison of Type I With Type II

2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Malamut ◽  
Pauline Afchain ◽  
Virginie Verkarre ◽  
Thierry Lecomte ◽  
Aurélien Amiot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Refractory Celiac Disease ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Simulation of long-term changes in the magnetic signal of the oceanic crust

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Dunlop ◽  
Christopher J. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Coercive Force ◽  
Curie Point ◽  
Remanent Magnetization ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Thin Sections

We report magnetic properties of submarine basalts 3.5 to 16 Ma in age recovered from depths as great as 530 m in layer 2 near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37° N during Leg 37 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. The rocks are classified as type-I if they have reversible in-vacuum thermomagnetic curves and as type-Il if they are thermomagnetically irreversible and develop a high-Curie-point phase (believed to be magnetite) when heated. Initial Curie points are low: 140–200 °C in type-I rocks, 250–300 °C in type-II rocks. The phases responsible are thought to be stoichiometric and cation-deficient (oxidized) titanomagnetite, Fe2.4Ti0.6O4, respectively. Only the 3.5 Ma basalts contain any type-I material; the older basalts are completely oxidized.Viscous magnetization is uniformly strong in type-I rocks, weaker and variable in type-II rocks. Hysteresis properties explain this difference. It is not due primarily to the chemical difference between stoichiometric and oxidized titanomagnetites, but to a difference in grain size. Type-I rocks are magnetically very soft: the coercive force (Hc) is 15–90 Oe (1194–7162 A/m), the median demagnetizing field [Formula: see text] of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) is 35–135 Oe (2785–10743 A/m), the ratio between saturation remanence Jrs and saturation induced magnetization Js is generally [Formula: see text] and the ratio of remanent coercive force, HR, to Hc is [Formula: see text]. These results all indicate multidomain grains of titanomagnetite ≥ 40 μm in size. Opaques of this size are seen in polished thin sections. Type-II rocks have Hc > 150 Oe (11937 A/m), [Formula: see text] (27 853 A/m), [Formula: see text] and HR/Hc generally < 2, indicating single-domain or pseudo-single-domain behaviour in micron- or submicron-size grains. The small magnetic grain size in type-II rocks could result from preferential oxidation of fine grains and/or subdivision of larger grains by inhomogeneous oxidation. The pronounced viscous magnetization of type-I rocks is therefore thought to be due to coarse, unoxidized multidomain grains of titanomagnetite.Long-term viscous magnetization is simulated by measuring viscous decay curves at temperatures up to 200 °C. Relaxation times are strongly temperature dependent: relaxation times as long as 106 yr can be activated in laboratory experiments at 75 °C if a low-Curie-point phase like Fe2.4Ti0.6O4 carries the viscous magnetization, or at 200 °C if Fe3O4 is the carrier. Viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) over 106 years seems to be no more than a factor 2 or 3 times the VRM estimated by extrapolating room-temperature data determined over a laboratory time scale. Even in type-I rocks, long term VRM is insufficient to completely erase the NRM.

Tetracyclines Inhibit Protein Glycation in Experimental Diabetes

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Ryan ◽  
N.S. Ramamurthy ◽  
L.M. Golub
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Protein Glycation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Glycated Proteins ◽  
Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽  
Skin Collagen ◽  
Micro Organisms

Glycation of proteins, which is accelerated in the diabetic state, has been implicated in many of the long-term complications of diabetes. This process can be inhibited by members of the tetracycline family of compounds. This novel finding is supported by studies conducted on drug (streptozotocin)induced Type I and genetic (ZDF/Gmi- fa/fa) Type II diabetic rats. These animals were orally gavaged daily with 5 mg of doxycycline and a variety of non-antimicrobial chemically modified tetracycline derivatives for time periods of 3 weeks to 11 months, while control untreated diabetic and nondiabetic animals were gavaged with vehicle alone (2% CMC). Blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for glucose and glycated proteins. None of the treatments had any effect on the severity of hyperglycemia or the intracellular glycation of hemoglobin of either Type I or II diabetic animals. However, the tetracycline analogues did affect the extracellular glycation of several proteins such as those found in the serum as well as skin collagen. In the Type II (ZDF) animals, initial mortality (3-5 months) was seen only in the doxycycline-treated animals, associated with infection by tetracycline-resistant micro-organisms, which was eventually surpassed by mortality rates in the untreated diabetics (6-9 months). CMT treatment not only decreased mortality but also increased longevity in the Type II diabetic animals, most likely by preventing the development of a number of long-term complications of uncontrolled diabetes, including glycation of proteins, that eventually lead to the demise of untreated diabetic animals.

scholarly journals Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation for Achalasia Cardia: Outcome, Complications, Success, and Long-term Follow-up

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir J Gupta ◽  
Nitin R Gaikwad ◽  
Amol R Samarth ◽  
Sonal R Gattewar
Keyword(s):  
Balloon Dilatation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Achalasia Cardia ◽  
Eckardt Score ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation

ABSTRACT Background Achalasia is a chronic disease that can be managed with effective endoscopic modalities. Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of single setting of pneumatic balloon dilatation for achalasia and assess the long-term success and outcomes. Materials and methods This is a retrospective study of all achalasia patients who underwent pneumatic balloon dilatation at our institute. Patients who could be contacted were inquired regarding their symptoms and dysphagia-free interval after dilatation. Results A total of 72 patients were enrolled. Out of this, 14 patients lost to follow-up. Mean age of 58 patients was 45.02 ± 16.51 years. Male:female ratio was 13:16. Mean predilatation Eckardt score was 7.16 ± 0.834. Type I achalasia was present in 10 (17.2%), type II in 44 (75.9%), type III in 4 (6.9%). Predilatation basal integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) was 28.14 ± 14.76 mm Hg. Postdilatation Eckardt score was 2.40 ± 1.67. Postdilatation dysphagia-free interval was 17.28 ± 6.70 months. A total of 9 patients (15.51%) failed to respond to first dilatation and 49 (84.48%) patients benefited from single setting of pneumatic dilatation. Esophageal perforation occurred in 2/58 (3.44%). We did not find any significant difference in gender distribution, age of presentation, duration of symptom, pre- and postdilatation Eckardt score, type of achalasia, and basal IRP on manometry between type of achalasia. Postdilatation dysphagia-free interval in type II achalasia (18.09 ± 5.976 months) was more than types I and III achalasia cardia (p = 0.066), which showed trend toward significance. Conclusion Pneumatic balloon dilatation of achalasia cardia is a highly effective endoscopic procedure with minimal complications and mortality. Even the single setting of dilatation can have long-lasting dysphagia-free interval. How to cite this article Gupta SJ, Gaikwad NR, Samarth AR, Gattewar SR. Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation for Achalasia Cardia: Outcome, Complications, Success, and Long-term Follow-up. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2017;7(2):138-141.

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