scholarly journals Između nadzora i funkcionalnosti

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
Vinko Drača
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Moral Treatment ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
Type Of Institution ◽  
Institutional Architecture ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper reviews the architecture of the Royal National Institute for the Insane in Stenjevec during its construction and the first years of its existence. Since the opening of the Institute in 1879 until the end of the World War I, there were numerous adaptations and extensions of the original capacities. The paper shows how these extensions reflected the existing paradigm of the institutional architecture in the second half of the 19th century. Architecture, under the influence of Pinel’s “moral treatment” as a primary therapeutic approach to mental illnesses in the 19th century, was considered to be a remedy and its therapeutic importance in the context of psychiatry was not questioned. While early examples of the architecture of psychiatric hospitals copied prison construction and were adapted to control the mentally ill (e.g., the Viennese “Narrenturm”), later plans, such as linear and separate (pavilion), sought to simultaneously increase control effectiveness, act therapeutically and respond to some practical needs of the more crowded institutes. The Stenjevec Institute, designed by the Viennese architect Kuno Waidmann, was created exactly at the transition between the linear and the separate type. The institute, originally conceived as a linear type of institution, was later transformed into a separate or pavilion type institute.

scholarly journals Development of hospital treatment of persons with mental disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milutin Nenadovic
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
The Past ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Discordances of harmonic mental functioning are as old as the human kind. Psychopathological behaviour of an individual in the past was not treated as an illness. That means that psychopathology was not considered an illness. In all past civilizations discordance of mental harmony of an individual is interpreted from the physiological aspect. Psychopathologic expression was not considered an illness, so social attitudes about psychiatric patients in the past were non-medical and generally speaking inhuman. Hospitals did not follow development of medicine for admission of psychiatric patients in past civilizations, not even in the antique era. According to historic sources, the first hospital that was meant for mental patients only was established in the 15th century, 1409 in Valencia (Spain). Therefore mental patients were isolated in a special institution-hospital, and social community rejected them. Only in the new era psychopathological behavior begins to be treated as an illness. Therefore during the 19th century psychiatry is developed as a special branch of medicine, and mental disorder is more and more seen according to the principals of interpretation of physical illnesses. By the middle of the 19th century psychiatric hospitals are humanized, and patients are being less physically restricted. Deinstitutialisation in protection of mental health is the heritage of reforms from the beginning of the 19th century which regarded the prevention of mental health protection. It was necessary to develop institutions of the prevention of protection in the community which would primarily have social support and characteristics.

Da nazionalismo non dominante a nazionalismo dominante: il caso transilvano

2011 ◽  
pp. 37-61
Author(s):  
Stefano Santoro
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
World War ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Rumanian nationalism of Transylvania, which developed during the 19th century to defend the rights of the Rumanian population from the Magyarization policies implemented by Budapest's government, suddenly found itself in a completely different situation at the end of World War I: from non-dominant it had become dominant. As in other areas of postwar Eastern Europe during the 1920s and 1930s,, this transition involved a reversal of the paradigms of reference of the Rumanian nationalists that changed from inclusive and democratic values into an exclusive and fundamentally totalitarian ideology.

Humanitarianism, Development, and Security in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Syrian Refugee Crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nell Gabiam
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
World War ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The 19Th Century

The term humanitarianism finds its roots in 19th-century Europe and is generally defined as the “impartial, neutral, and independent provision of relief to victims of conflict and natural disasters.” Behind this definition lies a dynamic history. According to political scientists Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss, this history can be divided into three phases. From the 19th century to World War II, humanitarianism was a reaction to the perceived breakdown of society and the emergence of moral ills caused by rapid industrialization within Europe. The era between World War II and the 1990s saw the emergence of many of today's nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations. These organizations sought to address the suffering caused by World War I and World War II, but also turned their gaze toward the non-Western world, which was in the process of decolonization. The third phase began in the 1990s, after the end of the Cold War, and witnessed an expansion of humanitarianism. One characteristic of this expansion is the increasing prominence of states, regional organizations, and the United Nations in the field of humanitarian action. Their increased prominence has been paralleled by a growing linkage between humanitarian concerns and the issue of state, regional, and global security. Is it possible that, in the 21st century, humanitarianism is entering a new (fourth) phase? And, if so, what role have events in the Middle East played in ushering it in? I seek to answer these questions by focusing on regional consultations that took place between June 2014 and July 2015 in preparation for the first ever World Humanitarian Summit (WHS), scheduled to take place in Istanbul in May 2016.

Maps and Cartography in the History of South Africa: From Print to Digital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Etherington
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World War I ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Volatile Element ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The first well-attested maps showing Southern Africa date from the late 15th century. Before the 19th century, maps provided little information about the interior but depicted coastlines in great detail, thanks to the requirements of seaborne navigators. Information about the inhabitants was scanty and skewed by misconceptions about the nature of African societies. Land-based exploration activity increased dramatically in the 1830s but the poorly trained and equipped human agents made many errors that had significant historical consequences. Accuracy in the mapping of physical topography improved with the advent of skilled civil and military surveyors, but entanglement with advancing forces of European colonialism resulted in biased representations of the nature and distribution of the indigenous people. Competition among European invaders during the so-called Scramble for Africa in the last decades of the 19th century made cartography a volatile element in the general mix of combustible material. Continual war among Europeans and Africans also affected the production of maps. The impact of African resistance to colonial surveys and land seizures on map making was for too long neglected by historians. By the end of World War I, the geopolitical boundaries of the region assumed their present configuration, marking off South Africa from its neighbors. The imposition of European rule, racial inequality, and segregation introduced cartographical distinctions between areas in which land was held in freehold title by members of a ruling racial elite and so-called African reserves and locations where land was held communally under the surveillance of traditional authorities. Decolonization beginning in the 1960s swept away the colonial racial order but did not abolish its legacy of boundaries, inequality, and parallel systems of land governance. The advent of geographical information systems, digital mapping, and satellite imaging has revolutionized cartography.

scholarly journals The role of gardens in the 19th century asylums for the mentally and neurotically ill. The theory and practice by the example of the Prussian asylums in the former Province of Posen

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 00007
Author(s):  
Daria Bręczewska-Kulesza
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Health States ◽  
Urban Configurations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although mental illnesses have existed ever since the dawn of time, the development of psychiatry is dated to have begun from the end 18th century. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, mentally ill people began to be placed at mental facilities not only to be exercised care of, but also to have their health states improved. The movement of reformation expanded across entire Europe. The Kingdom of Prussia was no exception when it came to establishing asylums. Wanting to create the best environmental conditions for the mentally ill possible, all of the complexes of the asylums were designed so that they served therapeutic purposes. One of the vital elements in this regard was the hospital gardens. The said gardens comprised of partially open, decorative green squares, outlined by the fences of the gardens assigned to the individual wards meant for the mentally ill and the utility gardens, where therapy through labor could be exercised. In conformity with the prototypes described above, in the former Province of Posen four asylums were built. The article analyzes the development of gardens within the urban configurations of select hospitals, comparing them to the leading gardens and theoretical configurations described in the specialist literature.

scholarly journals Jules Bernard Luys: A Singular Figure of 19th Century Neurology

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Parent ◽  
Martin Parent ◽  
Véronique Leroux-Hugon
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
History Of Neurology ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Jules Bernard Luys was a highly industrious and dedicated French investigator who made important contributions to the fields of neuroanatomy and neuropsychiatry in the second half of the 19th century. His name is still eponymically attached to the subthalamic nucleus and the centre médian nucleus, two structures that are at the center of our current thinking about the functional organization of the basal ganglia and the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. While developing a highly original view of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain, Luys contributed significantly to our knowledge of the neuropathological and clinical aspects of mental illnesses. Luys devoted the last part of his career to hysteria and hypnosis, engaging himself in experiments as extravagant as the action of medication at distance. In doing so, he became perhaps the most highly caricatured example of the fascination that hysteria exerted upon various renowned neurologists at the end of the 19th century. This paper briefly summarizes the contribution of this remarkable figure of the history of neurology.

A Biological Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-96
Author(s):  
Allan V. Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Mental Disturbances ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Seriously Ill ◽  
Mental Institutions

At the outset of the 19th century, mental illnesses were few in number, loosely defined, explained through many diverse and often competing theories, and treated by a wide variety of healers. As the century progressed, theological views faded as understandings coalesced around a medical model that understood mental disturbances as comparable to organic diseases. They were brain malfunctions that were often transmitted through hereditarian processes and that should be specified and distinguished from each other through their etiology, course, and outcome. The most seriously ill often entered mental institutions that were run by superintendents affiliated with the new medical specialty of psychiatry. The more numerous classes of nervous patients came to seek help from somatically oriented doctors. Although explanations of mental disturbances still encompassed both internal and external factors, the balance had tilted sharply toward the former.

scholarly journals The role of language in psychiatric treatment in the French Romantic Age: A note on Dr Laurent Cerise

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Starobinski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Moral Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
19Th Century France ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

SYSNOPSISAt the beginning of the 19th century France had many experts on the ‘moral treatment of insanity’. Very few of them, however, applied their experience and theories to the role of language in the development of behaviour from childhood on, in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, and in psychotherapy. To Dr. Louis Cerise, one of the founders of the Annales Médico-Psychologiques, belongs the great distinction of formulating a theory which tried to take account of the necessary contribution of language to individual development. In his book Des Fonctions et des Maladies Nerveuses (1842), he put forward a view of the relationship between the individual and society. His concept of ‘the goal of activity’ still merits our attention.

scholarly journals From Ally to Enemy: the Ottoman Empire in Publicistic Works by Ephraim Deinard

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
Esther Zyskina
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper considers is the transformation of the image of the Ottoman Empire in the publicistic texts by Ephraim Deinard, outstand ing Jewish writer and journalist of the turn of the 19th and 20th centu ries. The research was based on two Deinard’s works, “Atidot Israel” (“The Future of Israel”, 1892) and “Tzion be’ad mi?” (“Zion for Whom?”, 1918), which deal with a variety of topics, including Deinard’s opinion on the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the radical change of his position from the statements in “Atidot Israel” to those in “Tzion be’ad mi?” is observed. Deinard discusses the following three aspects, each case being a vivid example of this controversy: 1. The Ottoman government’s attitude towards Jews and the pros pects of the collaboration of the Jewish community with the government; 2. The economic situation in the Ottoman Empire and its foreign policy; 3. The culture and cultural policy in the Ottoman Empire. Deinard’s interest in Turkey was initially caused by his Zionist views, as the Land of Israel was part of the Ottoman Empire. Later, after World War I and especially after the Balfour Declaration in 1917, the Zionists placed their expectations on Britain, while Turkey, after losing the war and the territory so important for Jews, could no more be praised by Dei nard. In addition, Deinard had lived in the USA for more than 30 years by 1918, and it is merely logical that his publicistic works were aimed against the USA’s enemy in World War I. This shift looks especially interesting when looked at through the context of the history of the Russian Jewish Enlightenment. A very simi lar process occurred in the ideology of the Russian maskilim in the 19th century. Throughout the 19th century, they believed that the Jews should be integrated in the Russian society and viewed the Russian government as their ally. The Russian authorities, correspondingly, tried to assimilate the Jews and to make them an integral part of the society. However, af ter the pogroms of 1880s, the authorities’ attitude towards Jews changed dramatically, and so did that of the maskilim towards the government. Laws regarding Jews were tightened and became openly anti-Semitic, and the maskilim started to criticize the state instead of hoping for col laboration with it. Deinard’s works used for this research date to a later period. More over, the aforementioned events influenced his positive attitude towards the Ottoman Empire: concerning the status of Jews in the both countries, Deinard opposed Turkey to Russia. Eventually, however, Turkey took the same place for Deinard as Russia did for his predecessors, the maskilim. His hopes for collaboration with the state were just as replaced by disap pointment and criticism. To conclude, the above similarity may suggest that the shift in Dein ard’s views might have correlated with the change in the ideology of the Russian maskilim.

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