scholarly journals Age dynamics of sexual dimorphism of anthropometric dimensions through the ascending period of ontogenesis from 1 month to 17 years (based on Moscow data)

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Tatiana K. Fedotova ◽  
◽  
Anna K. Gorbacheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Age Dynamics ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Total Body

The “model” sample is based on the data of Moscow preschool and school children aged 1-17 years, examined by the authors in 2005-06. The data on infants aged 1-12 months is collected on base of the archives of Moscow maternity hospitals and children’s hospitals in 2007-08. The quantitative estimation of the value of sexual dimorphism is based on Kullback divergence, the analogue of Makhalanobis distance. Results. For the total body dimensions (height, weight, chest girth) the pattern of dynamics of SD is similar. Through the first half of the infancy SD reaches 0.6-0.8 standard deviations. Further on SD decreases till minimal values of about 0.1-0.2 standard deviations at the age of 10-12 years. Up to 17 years, when boys experience yet active growth processes and outstrip the total body dimensions of girls, SD values increase. The values of biacromial diameter are slightly higher in boys as compared to girls through 1-13 years interval, further on SD increases to 2.3 standard deviations at 17 years of age. SD of biiliac diameter changes in a narrow corridor from -0.05 standard deviations at 11-15 years of age to 0.25 standard deviations at 6 and 17 years. The specificity of age dynamics of SD of subscapular skinfold is small negative values through the 1-12 years interval; after 12 years sexual differences increase significantly due to intensive accumulation of fat tissue in girls and reach -0.8 standard deviation up to 17 years of age. Conclusion. Age variability is the important factor of the dynamics of SD of somatic traits through the whole ontogenesis and reflects sex differences in the ratio of morphofunctional differentiation during ascending ontogenesis section. Final peculiarities of SD are formed mainly in the adolescent period of ontogenesis. Dynamics of SD has differences for total body dimensions, indices of transversal skeletal development and indices of adiposity, having different adaptive sense.

scholarly journals Variability of sexual dimorphism of the main somatic indicators of newborns in connection with secular factor (according to materials of the russian federation and the former ussr at the time interval from the beginning of XX to the beginning of XXI century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
T.K. Fedotova ◽  
◽  
A.V. Sukhova ◽  
A.K. Gorbacheva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Somatic Variation ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Former Ussr

Long-term dynamics of the level of sexual dimorphism (SD) of body dimensions of newborns, embracing eight decades and inter- and intragroup variation, is under discussion. The study deals with a vast canvas of literary data – over 200 samples of newborns of each sex from former USSR and modern Russia through 1920-s till nowadays, including main anthropometric dimensions (body length and weight, chest and head girths). All samples are urban, the data is divided by decades, the number of each age/sex group as about 100 persons. Several levels of somatic variation were analysed: a) the whole data base above ethnic factor; b) only neighboring Slavonic groups; c) only Russian samples; d) regional Russian samples from Moscow and Kursk. The estimation of the level of SD is implemented using Kullback divergence, analogue of Makhalanobis distance. The results of meta-analysis, including the whole territory of Russia, witness to the definite secular sexual synchronism of dimension’s dynamics (increase of height/weight parameters and decrease of head girth), which results in very modest oscillations of SD around the level of 0,3 standard deviation. Still some secular decrease of SD is fixed for weight, due to more intensive increase of the parameter for girls, and for head girth, due to more intensive secular decrease of the parameter for boys. Some microsomisation of newborns is fixed in unfavorable war years 1940s and increase of SD due to greater decrease of the anthropometric parameters of girls (samples of Kursk). The same trend if fixed for Moscow newborns of 1960s, obviously above economic background, probably mediated by physical conditions of their mothers, who experienced economic depression of 1940s in their early childhood. Temporal fluctuations of SD level of main body dimensions of newborns keep within narrow interval 0,14-0,5 standard deviations, which does not exceed significant level of 0,3 standard deviations in the context of the study. This witnesses once again to the fact that the main factor of variation of newborns dimension is stabilizing selection, providing the stability of the dimensions of newborns of both sexes, as well as the level of sexual differences

Body size, sexual dimorphism, and seasonal mass fluctuations in a larger sika deer subspecies, the Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis Heude, 1884)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatsugu Suzuki ◽  
Manabu Onuma ◽  
Mayumi Yokoyama ◽  
Koich Kaji ◽  
Masami Yamanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Sika Deer ◽  
Cervus Nippon ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Hind Foot ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Cervus Nippon Yesoensis

Measurements of shoulder height, body length, hind-foot length, and total body mass were collected from 309 Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis Heude, 1884) (115 males and 194 females) and analyzed statistically for sexual dimorphism and seasonal body mass fluctuations. The von Bertalanffy equation was fitted to the growth curves that resulted. Asymptotic shoulder height, body length, and hind-foot length were 106.2, 112.6, and 52.9 cm in males and 94.8, 103.9, and 49.4 cm in females, respectively. Total body mass showed distinct seasonal fluctuations, ranging between 102.8 and 151.0 kg in adult males and 68.0 and 99.8 kg in adult females. Male/female ratios in shoulder height, body length, hind-foot length, and total mass were 1.12, 1.08, 1.07, and 1.51, respectively. These results indicate that the Hokkaido sika deer is one of the largest subspecies, at least in skeleton size. A larger body and longer hind foot would seem to be evolutionary adaptations to Hokkaido's cold, snowy environment.

scholarly journals Lophyra flexuosa (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) in desert countries: morphological variability in geographic aspect as potential beginning of speciation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radomir Jaskuła ◽  
Axel Schwerk ◽  
Mateusz Płóciennik
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Total Body

Lophyra flexuosa is one of only several eurytopic tiger beetles species known from Palearctic realm. Its geographical distribution shows several populations that are spread from the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, across some regions of south-western Europe and northern Africa to Israel and Syria. The species is characterized by long phenological activity, wide altitudinal distribution, and occurs in the highest number of habitats among all Cicindelidae known from Maghreb region. In the present study the geographical variation in morphology and sexual dimorphism in north African populations of L. flexuosa was studied. In total 52 samples with over 700 specimens were collected including 20 samples in Morocco and 32 in Tunisia. To test the variation in morphometric traits measurements of eight body parameters were taken from all males (383) and females (352) including right mandible length, length of head, width of head, length of pronotum, maximum pronotum width, length of elytra, maximum elytra width, and total body length. We discovered significant sexual dimorphism expressed by larger body size of females and longer mandibles in males, what can be explained by different roles of particular sexes in courtship. Moreover, we recorded significant differences in body sizes between western and eastern Maghreb populations which can suggest genetic isolation between these populations. As the species is related to habitats placed close to water reservoirs, which in the desert countries are under significant human pressure (including climate change), we expect an reduction of habitats occupied by this taxon. Therefore, the geographic morphological variability that we observe today in the tiger beetle Lophyra flexuosa may lead to speciation and creation of separate species in the future.

scholarly journals Aspects of reproduction and sexual dimorphism of Lygophis flavifrenatus (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Marques Quintela ◽  
Daniel Loebmann
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
New Information

ABSTRACT Lygophis flavifrenatus Cope, 1862 is a terrestrial dispsadid distributed in subtropical Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. Herein, we present data on sexual dimorphism and reproductive biology of this very poorly studied species. A total of 108 specimens (55 females, 50 males, three hatchlings with unidentified sex) from Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso do Sul were analyzed. Sexual dimorphism by size, body dimensions (tail length, head length, head width) and a number of ventral and subcaudal scales is not well marked in the species. Mature females attain the greater size and have a higher number of ventral scales than mature males. Mature males, in turn, presented longer tail, longer and wider head and a higher number of subcaudal scales. Meanwhile, marked overlaps were observed in ranges of all body dimensions proportions and a number of ventral and subcaudal scales. Females attained sexual maturity at a greater size than males. The smallest mature female showed snout-vent length (SVL) = 402 mm while the smallest mature male presented SVL = 285 mm. Females presented a seasonal reproductive cycle, with advanced stages (advanced development of secondary follicles and development of eggs) occurring in late winter and spring. Hatchlings were found in late summer. It is supposed that only one clutch is laid per cycle, considering that the great majority of secondary follicles found in females carrying eggs were irregular or lamellar shaped (possibly atresic). Clutch sizes varied from 6 to 12 eggs (mean = 8.2) and presented a tendency for positive correlation with progenitors SVL. The present study adds new information to the knowledge about the natural history of snakes from subtropical Neotropics.

scholarly journals Pectoral Dimorphism Is a Pervasive Feature of Skate Diversity and Offers Insight into their Evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Martinez ◽  
B H Kao ◽  
J S Sparks ◽  
P C Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Insight Into

Synopsis Mature skates (Batoidea: Rajoidei) display a unique form of sexual dimorphism in which males develop a concave anterior pectoral fin, giving them a bell-shaped appearance. Recent work has linked the male-specific transformation to differential skeletal development that is coincident with the rapid elongation of claspers, cartilage-supported intromittent organs. Still, little is known about the prevalence of pectoral dimorphism across skates or of interspecific variation in its expression. Here, we use various morphological approaches to broadly explore pectoral dimorphism in skates, with the goal of understanding its significance in their evolutionary history. We find that pectoral fin sexual dimorphism exists across skate diversity, positively identifying its presence in at least 131 species spanning 33 genera, approximately 40% of valid species. Further, we show that the nature of male–female shape change is largely consistent across species, but that it differs in its magnitude at a biologically meaningful scale. Finally, we use the pygmy skate Fenestraja plutonia as a case study to illustrate ontogenetic patterns in the development of pectoral fin dimorphism, additionally identifying sex-based differences in the pelvic girdle and jaw. Our work suggests that the diversity of pectoral dimorphism in skates is linked to comparative growth and maturation, and potentially to processes underlying reproductive and life history diversification within the group.

scholarly journals ВОЗРАСТНАЯ ДИНАМИКА ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ МАЛЬЧИКОВ ОТ 8-17 ЛЕТ (ПРОДОЛЬНЫЕ РАЗМЕРЫ ТЕЛА) / AGE DYNAMICS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOYS FROM 8-17 YEARS OLD (LONGITUDINAL BODY DIMENSIONS)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asilkhan Abishev ◽  
Yura Frolov ◽  
Dusebek Tursumbaev
Keyword(s):  
Physical Development ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Age Dynamics

Проблема возрастного становления анатомно-антропологических показателей, характеризующих рост и развитие подрастающего поколения в различных этно-территориальных, профессиональных и спортивных группах населения, продолжает на современном этапе оставаться одной из важнейших задач для решения и выполнения государственной программ развития массового спорта в Республики Казахстан. В программе предусматривалась дальнейшее развитие массовой физической культуры и спорта, внедрение и в повседневную жизнь людей нашей Республики. Учитывая оздоровительный характер массовой физической культуры, необходимо вести поиск критериев оценки физического развития человека для каждого возрастного периода его жизни. Физическая культура и спорт рассматриваются как одно из важнейших средств воспитания гражданина республики, гармонический сочетающего в себе духовное богатство, моральную чистоту и физическое совершенство. Успешное выполнение этой задачи во многом зависит от правильной постановки физического воспитания в школьном возрасте. При организации и выполнении наших исследований направленных на изучение морфологических и функциональных признаков физического развития школьников, мы пользовались общепринятой единой унифицированной методикой, принятой в НИИ антропологии МГУ им.Ломоносова и описанной В.В.Бунаком, А.Б.Савицкой и Д.И.Арон. Измерение проводились на здоровых мальчиков 8-17 летнего возраста занимающихся спортом. Для изучения физического развития как правило, определяются основные антрополигические показатели: длина руки и ее звеньев мальчиков занимающихся и не занимающихся спортом. Измерение проводились на здоровых мальчиков 8-17 летнего возраста, не занимающихся спортом для изучения физического развития, как правило, определяются основные антропологические показателей: длина руки и ее звеньев мальчиков и не занимающихся спортом. Измерение роста проводилось металлическим антропометром системы Мартина, который дает более точные показателя, чем деревянный ростомер. Полученные денные заносили в карты индивидуального обследования. При распределении школьников по возрастном группам с интервалом один год мы пользовались общепринятой схемой и к 8-летную возрасту относили детей 7 лет 183 дней до 8 лет 182 дней включительно. Аналогично этому распределили по всем остальным возрастным группам. Таким образом, все учащихся от 8 до 17 лет были распределены по 10 возрастным группам, состав в которое колеблется от 21 до 51 учащихся, что отвечает требованием вариационной статистики. Полученные данные отработали методом вариационной статистики по общепринятой методикой (Г.Р.Лакин 1973; В.М.Зациорский, 1982). Были рассчитаны средние арифметические показатели М длины руки и ее звеньев мальчиков занимающихся спортом. Материалы настоящих оценочных работ и таблиц имеют большое значение для педагогов и тренеров по физической культуре и спорту, спортивной морфологий, спортивной медицины возрастной педагогики и спортивной практике в качестве критериев оценки физического состояния занимающихся спортом

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics of ephyrae of Aurelia coerulea derived from planula strobilation

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-679
Author(s):  
Satsuki Takauchi ◽  
Hiroshi Miyake ◽  
Naoya Hirata ◽  
Momoka Nagai ◽  
Nobuo Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Disc Diameter ◽  
Aurelia Coerulea ◽  
Polyp Stage ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Important Basis

AbstractEphyrae are produced through the strobilation of polyps in the general life cycle of Aurelia coerulea. However, it has been reported that planulae can also metamorphose directly into ephyrae, without passing through the polyp stage. There is a mixture of ephyrae developed from planulae (planula-strobilated ephyrae) and ephyrae developed from polyps (polyp-strobilated ephyrae) in the ephyra population. However, the effect of the planula-strobilated ephyrae on the ephyra population is yet to be determined, since their morphological characteristics have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to determine the morphological characteristics to distinguish between planula-strobilated and polyp-strobilated ephyrae. The differences in body dimensions, such as total body diameter (TBD), central disc diameter (CDD), lappet stem length (LStL), rhopalial lappet length (RLL), and total marginal lappet length (TMLL) were compared between the two types of ephyra. Thus, we show that body proportions can be used to identify planula- and polyp-strobilated ephyrae. The ranges for identifying planula-strobilated ephyra were 35.0–38.3% for CDD/TBD, 56.7–64.9% for LStL/CDD, 84.7–99.5% for TMLL/CDD, and 31.0–37.5% for RLL/TMLL. This method could be an important basis for devising countermeasures for jellyfish blooms in areas where ephyrae deriving from planula strobilation occur.

Investigation of chest girth and height variation affecting other body dimensions for men’s upper body clothes pattern grading

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunsook Han
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Body Dimension ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pattern Grading ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Chest Girth

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the chest girth and height related to men’s upper body dimensions to develop men’s grading system for semi-customized clothing. Design/methodology/approach A data set of the 3,012 men between the age group of 18 and 59 years from 6th Size Korea was used in this study. The men’s upper body dimensions were tested in terms of five horizontal lengths, seven circumferences and seven vertical lengths. Experiment and data analysis were carried out with two methods: one is multiple linear regression with chest girth and height as each independent variable and the other is calculating variation among chest girth size groups and height size groups, respectively. Findings Regression analysis showed that some horizontal lengths are affected not only by chest girth, but also by height, and some vertical lengths are affected not only by height, but also by chest girth. In variation analysis it was found that the variation value for each part of the body is different and it was observed that with an increase in chest girth vertical length also increases. In variation analysis of height, it is found that some horizontal body dimensions and hip girth increase with an increase in height. In the comparison of upper body dimension variation among height groups with the size based on the chest girth, we found that a tall person who already has long vertical length is less affected by the increase in dimensions by increases in their horizontal girth than a short person. Originality/value The findings showed detailed numerical body shape changes according to chest girth and height, and it may be used as the basis for determining pattern grading values by chest girth or height.

scholarly journals X-ray pelvimetry in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus - LINNAEUS, 1758)

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Pinheiro ◽  
A.R. Lima ◽  
P.P. Bombonato ◽  
P.H.G. Castro ◽  
G.A. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Neotropical Primate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The common marmoset is an important Neotropical primate for biomedical research. With the intention of providing pelvimetric values that allow the selection of animals with better characteristics for reproduction, we studied the X-ray of the pelvis, in ventro-dorsal projection of 12 adult animals, six males and six females, belonging to the National Center of Primates - CENP. The measurements were made to right diagonal diameters (RDD), left diagonal diameter (LDD), bi-iliac middle diameter (BIMD), bi-iliac upper diameter (BIUD), bi-iliac lower diameter (BILD), sacrum-pubic diameter (SPD), and the input area of the pelvis (IAP), which were compared in relation to sex and bodily correlated with the biometrics. The results of the means and standard deviations regarding pelvimetry (cm) were: for the RDD in males of 1.91±0.14 and in the females of 2.05±0.08; LDD in males of 1.85±0.16 and in females of 2.03± 0.08; BIMD in males of 1.46±0.12 and in the females of 1.5±0; BIUD showed in males 1.3±0.1 and in females of 1.3±0.06; BILD in males of 1.35±0.15 and in females of 1.25±0.08; SPD in males of 1.68±0.09 and in females of 1.93±0.13; IAP in males of 1.9±0.26 and in the females of 2.23±0.13. It was concluded that the pelvis of Callithrix jacchus could be classified as dolicopelvic type, there is sexual dimorphism in relation to the pelvis of adult animals and that the bodily measurements have low positive correlation with pelvic measurements.

scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphism in Anthonomus santacruzi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a Biological Control Agent of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (Solanaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-850
Author(s):  
Archbold Sasa ◽  
Rafał Gosik ◽  
Ed T. F. Witkowski ◽  
Marcus J. Byrne ◽  
Miłosz A. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Abdominal Tergite ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Solanum Mauritianum ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThere is evident variation in body size amongst Anthonomus santacruzi Hustache, 1924, weevils. The aims of this study were to assess if the variation in body size in A. santacruzi weevils is a result of sexual dimorphism and what features can be used to distinguish males from females. The weevils were collected from field sites in Mpumalanga, South Africa, where they were introduced as biocontrol agents of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli. Body structures and the presence/absence of the tergal notch was examined under an optical stereomicroscope and SEM to assess differences between sexes. The morphometric analysis of the body structures included rostrum length (base–apex and antennal insertion–apex), elytral length and width, pronotum length and width, first tarsus length, first tibia length, funiculus length and total body length. Rostrum length, elytra length and width and total body length were significantly larger in females than in males. A tergal notch in the 8th abdominal tergite was present in males and absent in females. The body structure; of rostrum length, elytra length and width and total body length overlapped between sexes in some specimens. The abdominal tergal notch was found to be the most useful body structure to distinguish males from females in A. santacruzi.

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