scholarly journals Eleven Myths on Nail Melanoma

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
Eckart Haneke Eckart Haneke
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Hereditary Disease ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Organ Manifestations ◽  
Molecular Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Definition Of

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease with hamartomatous growths in multiple organs due to loss-of-function variants in TSC1 or TSC2. In approximately 15% of patients with clinical TSC, no pathogenic variant can be identified, and low-level mosaicism is suggested to be one of the reasons. Mosaicism is well-known in TSC and challenges the molecular genetic diagnosis. The advent of next-generation sequencing has improved the diagnostics in TSC including in patients with mosaicism. The TSC phenotype varies widely, and mosaic patients with TSC are often considered to have a milder phenotype. Here, the authors describe a patient with mosaic TSC with a 10% variant allele fraction and manifestations in three organ systems (skin, eyes, and kidneys). Furthermore, the authors studied existing literature about phenotypic organ manifestations in patients with mosaic TSC. No clear definition of the phenotype of patients with mosaic TSC could be established, but unilateral angiofibromas and the absence of tubers and a subependymal nodule could indicate mosaicism. The case shows that patients with low-level mosaic TSC can have multiple affected organ systems though still a mild clinical picture.

scholarly journals Mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Case Report, Literature Review, and Original Data from Danish Hospitals

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
Julie Loft Nagel ◽  
Maja Patricia Smerdel ◽  
Lisbeth Birk Møller ◽  
Lotte Andreasen ◽  
Anette Bygum
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Hereditary Disease ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Organ Systems

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease with hamartomatous growths in multiple organs due to loss-of-function variants in TSC1 or TSC2. In approximately 15% of patients with clinical TSC, no pathogenic variant can be identified, and low-level mosaicism is suggested to be one of the reasons. Mosaicism is well-known in TSC and challenges the molecular genetic diagnosis. The advent of next-generation sequencing has improved the diagnostics in TSC including in patients with mosaicism. The TSC phenotype varies widely, and mosaic patients with TSC are often considered to have a milder phenotype. Here, the authors describe a patient with mosaic TSC with a 10% variant allele fraction and manifestations in three organ systems (skin, eyes, and kidneys). Furthermore, the authors studied existing literature about phenotypic organ manifestations in patients with mosaic TSC. No clear definition of the phenotype of patients with mosaic TSC could be established, but unilateral angiofibromas and the absence of tubers and a subependymal nodule could indicate mosaicism. The case shows that patients with low-level mosaic TSC can have multiple affected organ systems though still a mild clinical picture.

Clinical and genetic investigation of 136 Japanese patients with congenital hypothyroidism

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsushi Tanaka ◽  
Kohei Aoyama ◽  
Atsushi Suzuki ◽  
Shinji Saitoh ◽  
Haruo Mizuno
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Allelic Variant ◽  
Genetic Investigation ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Recessive Genes ◽  
Molecular Genetic Diagnosis

AbstractObjectivesCongenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common congenital endocrine disorder. Recent advances in genetic testing have revealed its causative mutations in some CH patients. However, the underlying etiology remains unknown in most patients. This study aimed to perform clinical and genetic investigation in Japanese CH patients to uncover genotype-phenotype correlations.MethodsWe enrolled 136 Japanese patients with transient or permanent CH between April 2015 and March 2017, and performed next-generation sequencing of 19 genes implicated in CH.ResultsWe identified potentially pathogenic bi-allelic variants in DUOX2, TSHR, and TPO in 19, 5, and 1 patient, respectively (autosomal recessive), and a potentially pathogenic mono-allelic variant in NKX2-1 (autosomal dominant) in 1 patient. Molecular genetic diagnosis was highly suggested in 26 patients (19%) from 23 families. We also detected a potentially pathogenic mono-allelic variant in five recessive genes (DUOX2, TSHR, TG, DUOXA2, and TPO) in 31 unrelated patients (23%), although the pathogenicity of these variants remains inconclusive. Patients with bi-allelic DUOX2 variants showed a more severe clinical presentation in infancy than those with bi-allelic TSHR variants. However, this trend reversed beyond infancy. There were no statistical differences in initial thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, and levothyroxine dose as of March 2017 between patients with bi-allelic and mono-allelic DUOX2 variants.ConclusionsThe prevalence of potentially-pathogenic variants in Japanese CH patients was similar to that found by previous reports. Our study demonstrates a genotype-phenotype correlation in Japanese CH patients.

Mitochondrial encephalopathies: molecular genetic diagnosis from blood samples

The Lancet ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 337 (8753) ◽  
pp. 1311-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Hammans ◽  
M.G. Sweeney ◽  
M. Brockington ◽  
J.A. Morgan-Hughes ◽  
A.E. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Molecular Genetic Diagnosis

scholarly journals Clinician's modern approaches to molecular genetic diagnosis of glioblastomas

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Turna Ashkhatcava ◽  
Marina Tatarinova ◽  
Lali Kogoniya ◽  
David Naskhletashvili ◽  
Vadim Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Braf Mutation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Braf V600e ◽  
Poor Prognostic Factor ◽  
Molecular Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tert Mutation ◽  
Primary Glioblastomas

The article is devoted to the issue of molecular genetic diagnosis of cerebral glioblastomas. Despite significant advances in neurooncology, little progress has been made in prolonging the life of patients with cerebral glioblastoma, and a significant part of the effectiveness of treatment depends on the recognition of two prognostic biomarkers: mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) promoter and  the methylation of the O6-methylguanine methyl transferase (MGMT) promoter. The article summarizes the data of world and domestic clinical studies, allowing to supplement the histological characteristics of primary glioblastomas with genetic markers: the presence of the TERT mutation, EFGR amplification, loss of PTEN function, LOH 10q, and the presence of the BRAF mutation. It should be noted that the amplification of EGFR, causing resistance to apoptotic stimuli and alkylating chemotherapy with Temozolomide, attracts much attention as a therapeutic target. The frequency of occurrence of the TERT mutation is 90% of all tumors of various genesis, most often the TERT mutation is found in oligodendroglioma or primary glioblastoma. Loss of heterozygosity in the region of localization of the PTEN gene is observed in many types of sporadic tumors, including more than 40% of glioblastomas. Mutations in this gene are found in tumors of the brain, endometrium, prostate, kidney, and mammary gland. The presence of a PTEN mutation is a poor prognostic factor. LOH 22q is much more common in secondary glioblastomas (82%) than in primary glioblastomas (41%). Among brain tumors, the BRAF mutation is most common with pleomorphic xanastrocytoma (60-70%).The BRAF V600E mutation was found in epithelioid glioblastoma, which is a rare and aggressive type of glioblastoma, characterized by an unfavorable prognosis (about 6 months) and frequent leptomeningeal spread. Thus, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis will enable a personalized approach to treatment with glioblastomas of the brain.

scholarly journals Molecular Genetic Diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Analysis of Five Japanese Families

1996 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kanno ◽  
Taro Shuin ◽  
Keiichi Kondo ◽  
Susumu Ito ◽  
Masahiko Hosaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau Disease ◽  
Molecular Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Disease Analysis
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