scholarly journals Current Evidence for a Role of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Lovelace ◽  
Bianca Varney ◽  
Gayathri Sundaram ◽  
Nunzio F. Franco ◽  
Mei Li Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Current Evidence

scholarly journals Exercise in the management of multiple sclerosis relapses: current evidence and future perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Rooney ◽  
Hani Albalawi ◽  
Lorna Paul
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Steroid Therapy ◽  
Recovery Of Function ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Perspectives

Relapses are a common feature of multiple sclerosis; however, recovery from relapses is often incomplete, with up to half of people experiencing residual disabilities postrelapse. Therefore, treatments are required to promote recovery of function and reduce the extent of residual disabilities postrelapse. Accordingly, this Perspective article explores the role of exercise in relapse management. Current evidence from two studies suggests that exercise in combination with steroid therapy improves disability and quality of life postrelapse, and may be more beneficial in promoting relapse recovery than steroid therapy alone. However, given the small number of studies and methodological limitations, further studies are required to understand the effects of exercise in relapse management and the mechanism through which exercise influences relapse recovery.

scholarly journals Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Perspectives

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Biernacki ◽  
Dániel Sandi ◽  
Krisztina Bencsik ◽  
László Vécsei
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Quinolinic Acid ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Picolinic Acid ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
The Past

Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the kynurenine pathway’s (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular and autoimmune diseases. Different neuroactive metabolites of the KP are known to exert opposite effects on neurons, some being neuroprotective (e.g., picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), while others are toxic to neurons (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Not only the alterations in the levels of the metabolites but also disturbances in their ratio (quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid) have been reported in several diseases. In addition to the metabolites, the enzymes participating in the KP have been unearthed to be involved in modulation of the immune system, the energetic upkeep of neurons and have been shown to influence redox processes and inflammatory cascades, revealing a sophisticated, intertwined system. This review considers various methods through which enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway influence the immune system, the roles they play in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases based on current evidence with a focus on their involvement in multiple sclerosis, as well as therapeutic approaches.

Recent evidence for an expanded role of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in neurological diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 373-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Lovelace ◽  
Bianca Varney ◽  
Gayathri Sundaram ◽  
Matthew J. Lennon ◽  
Chai K. Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism

The role of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in cardiovascular disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Polyzos ◽  
D. F. J. Ketelhuth
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Artery Wall ◽  
Tryptophan Degradation ◽  
Rate Limiting Step

SummaryCoronary heart disease and stroke, the deadliest forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), are mainly caused by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall driven by maladaptive immune responses in the vessel wall. Various risk factors for CVD influence this pathogenic process, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, is strongly induced by inflammation in several tissues, including the artery wall. An increasing body of evidence indicates that IDO promotes immune tolerance, decreases inflammation, and functions as a homeostatic mechanism against excessive immune reactions.This review provides an overview of the emerging field of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation in CVD, emphasizing the role of IDO-mediated tryptophan metabolism and its metabolites in the modulation of ‘classical’ cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, lipid metabolism, diabetes mellitus, and in the development of atherosclerotic CVD.

scholarly journals Analysis of the role of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the life span control in Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
O. V. Gorenskaya ◽  
V. V. Navrotskaya
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Kynurenine Metabolism

Aim. To analyze life span in mutant Drosophila stocks with impaired tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism. Methods. Wild type stocks Canton-S and Oregon, stocks with mutations of the locus white: white, whiteapricot, whitesatsuma, and stocks with the mutation vermilion have been used. The average life span of imago has been determined, survival curves have been analyzed. Results. It has been shown that the average life span of Drosophila females with mutant alleles of the white gene does not differ from the wild-type stock; in males of the w(C-S) and wa(C-S) stocks the index is increased. The presence of the mutantion vermilion in the genotype also increases the average life span of imago of both sexes, but in males the extension is more pronounced. Conclusions. The results suggest that aging is associated with the regulation of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism. Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, life span, kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism.

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