scholarly journals Effect of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture on the Growth and Incidence of Diarrhea, Immune Function, and Fecal Microbiota of Pre-weaning Dairy Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyan Wu ◽  
Lili Wang ◽  
Ruiqing Luo ◽  
Hongli Chen ◽  
Cunxi Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Performance Reduction ◽  
T1 And T2

The effects of different doses of a multispecies probiotic (MSP) mixture on growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea rate and immune function, and fecal microbial diversity and structure were evaluated in pre-weaning Holstein dairy calves at WK2, WK4, WK6, and WK8. Forty Chinese Holstein female newborn calves were randomly assigned to four treatments with 10 calves in each group, C (control group), T1 (0.5 g MSP/calf/day, T2 (1 g MSP/calf/day), and T3 (2 g MSP/calf/day) groups. The experimental period was 56 days. Feed intake and health scoring were recorded every day until the end of the experiment. Fecal contents and blood samples were sampled at WK2, WK4, WK6, and WK8. Growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, and total serum concentrations (IgA, IgG, and IgM) were analyzed. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS genes were high-throughput sequenced for fecal microbiota. The relationships among the populations of the principal fecal microbiota at WK2 and the growth performance or serum immunoglobulin concentrations were analyzed using Pearson’s rank correlation coefficients. The MSP supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea in the first 4 weeks of life, and serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations increased between WK2 and WK8 in the T3 group. There was an increase in growth performance and reduction in the incidence of diarrhea until WK4 after birth in T3 group, compared with the control, T1, and T2 groups. The results of fecal microbiota analysis showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroides were the predominant phyla, with Blautia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, Bacteroides, Subdoligranulum, and Bifidobacterium being the dominant genera in calf feces. Aspergillus, Thermomyces, and Saccharomyces were the predominant fungal phyla. Compared with the control, in T1 and T2 groups, the MSP supplementation reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Collinsella, and Saccharomyces at WK2 in group T3. Thus, the fecal microbial composition and diversity was significantly affected by the MSP mixture during the first 2 weeks of the calves’ life. MSP mixtures reduced the incidence of diarrhea in pre-weaning calves (during the first 4 weeks of life). There was a significant improvement in growth performance, reduction in calf diarrhea, balance in the fecal microbiota, and an overall improvement in serum immunity, compared with the control group. We, therefore, recommend adding 2 g/day of multispecies probiotic mixture supplementation in diets of dairy calves during their first 4 weeks of life before weaning.

Effect of timing of postweaning xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial composition in weanling pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
H. Lu ◽  
H. Yan ◽  
H.M. Masey O’Neill ◽  
C. Bradley ◽  
M.R. Bedford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Gross Energy

Effect of timing of xylanase supplementation to weanling pigs and its effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbiota was investigated. A total of 128 weanling pigs [(Hampshire × Duroc) × (Yorkshire × Landrace); 6.2 ± 0.6 kg body weight (BW); weaning age: 21 d] were assigned to four treatments, with eight replicate pens and four pigs per pen. Treatments were a combination of two dietary treatments (without or with xylanase) in two periods; (period 1, days 0–14) and period 2 (days 14–42): xylanase–xylanase, xylanase–control, control–xylanase, and control–control. Fecal microbiota diversity and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) were determined. From days 0–14, pigs had lower (P < 0.01) BW, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency when xylanase was included in the diets. The final BW (P < 0.05) and overall ADG (P < 0.02) at day 42 were greater when xylanase was supplemented from day 14 compared with supplementation from day 0. The apparent ileal digestibility and ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus were increased (P < 0.05) by xylanase. Xylanase significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Veillonella spp. and tended (P = 0.08) to decrease the relative abundance of Megasphaera spp. in period 2 compared with the non-supplemented group.

scholarly journals Metatranscriptomic analysis of colonic microbiota’s functional response to different dietary fibers in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
Rongying Xu ◽  
Menglan Jia ◽  
Yong Su ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Colonic Microbiota

Abstract Background Dietary fibers are widely considered to be beneficial to health as they produce nutrients through gut microbial fermentation while facilitating weight management and boosting gut health. To date, the gene expression profiles of the carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) that respond to different types of fibers (raw potato starch, RPS; inulin, INU; pectin, PEC) in the gut microbes of pigs are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the functional response of colonic microbiota to different dietary fibers in pigs through metatranscriptomic analysis. Results The results showed that the microbial composition and CAZyme structure of the three experimental groups changed significantly compared with the control group (CON). Based on a comparative analysis with the control diet, RPS increased the abundance of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and Alloprevotella but decreased Sutterella; INU increased the relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Rhodococcus but decreased Bacillus; and PEC increased the relative abundance of the Streptococcus and Bacteroidetes groups but decreased Clostridium, Clostridioides, Intestinibacter, Gemmiger, Muribaculum and Vibrio. The gene expression of CAZymes GH8, GH14, GH24, GH38, GT14, GT31, GT77 and GT91 downregulated but that of GH77, GH97, GT3, GT10 and GT27 upregulated in the RPS diet group; the gene expression of AA4, AA7, GH14, GH15, GH24, GH26, GH27, GH38, GH101, GT26, GT27 and GT38 downregulated in the INU group; and the gene expression of PL4, AA1, GT32, GH18, GH37, GH101 and GH112 downregulated but that of CE14, AA3, AA12, GH5, GH102 and GH103 upregulated in the PEC group. Compared with the RPS and INU groups, the composition of colonic microbiota in the PEC group exhibited more diverse changes with the variation of CAZymes and Streptococcus as the main contributor to CBM61, which greatly promoted the digestion of pectin. Conclusion The results of this exploratory study provided a comprehensive overview of the effects of different fibers on nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota and CAZymes in pig colon, which will furnish new insights into the impacts of the use of dietary fibers on animal and human health.

The effect of supplemental bioactive fatty acids on growth performance and immune function of milk-fed Holstein dairy calves during heat stress

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
B. Mohtashami ◽  
H. Khalilvandi-Behroozyar ◽  
R. Pirmohammadi ◽  
M. Dehghan-Banadaky ◽  
M. Kazemi-Bonchenari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Bioactive Fatty Acids ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different supplemental fat sources [soybean oil (SBO) as a source of n-6 fatty acid and fish oil (FO) as a source of n-3 fatty acids] in the starter feed of milk-fed dairy calves during the hot season. Forty Holstein calves (3 d of age; 39.67 kg of body weight; ten calves per group) were randomly assigned to the experimental treatments as follows: (1) starter feed supplemented with no fat source (CON), (2) starter feed supplemented with 3% SBO (DM basis), (3) starter feed supplemented with 3% FO (DM basis), and (4) starter feed supplemented with an equal mixture of SBO and FO (1.5% each, DM basis). The milk feeding schedule was constant for treatments and all calves were weaned on d 65 of age. Results show that calves had greater starter intake, average daily gain, and body length when fed SBO compared to other treatments. However, feed efficiency was increased and inflammatory indicators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin) concentrations were reduced in the calves fed FO compared to the other treatments. In summary, it was revealed that SBO rich in n-6 FA improved starter intake and growth performance, while FO rich in n-3 FA could improve the immune function of calves. Due to the current experimental condition, an equal mixture of SBO and FO (1.5% each, DM basis) can be recommended to have an optimum growth performance and immune function while the calves are reared under the heat conditions.

Effects of Compound Probiotics on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Immune Function of Broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 997 ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
Hong Ling Wang ◽  
Yu Hong Yang ◽  
Jia Qing Wang ◽  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Shuang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Anti Body

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of compound probiotics on broiler performance, intestinal microflora, immune function and serum biochemical indicators. Four hundred one-d-old female broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates in each group and 25 chickens per replication. The chickens in groupI(control group) were fed a basal diet, experimental groups II, III and IVwere fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% compound probiotics. The results of this work were as follows: (1) during the experimental period, compared with control group, the average daily in group III was significantly increased (P<0.05), the feed/gain and average daily feed intake were significantly lower (P<0.05); (2) at the age of 14 and 28 days, the number of cecal Lactic acid in group II and III were significantly higher than the control (P<0.05) and the content of E.coli has the opposite results. (3) the anti-body titer in group III was the highest, and significantly higher compared to the control (P<0.05), but there were no significantly differences between group IV and control group (P>0.05). (4) serum biochemical indexes of broilers in group III and IVwere significantly increased than that in control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of 0.2% compound probiotics could promote the growth performance, improve the cecal mico-ecosystem, enhance the anti-body titer and biochemical indexes in serum.

scholarly journals Effect of Selected Stilbenoids on Human Fecal Microbiota

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Jaimes ◽  
Veronika Jarosova ◽  
Ondrej Vesely ◽  
Chahrazed Mekadim ◽  
Jakub Mrazek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Genus Clostridium ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Dietary phenolics or polyphenols are mostly metabolized by the human gut microbiota. These metabolites appear to confer the beneficial health effects attributed to phenolics. Microbial composition affects the type of metabolites produced. Reciprocally, phenolics modulate microbial composition. Understanding this relationship could be used to positively impact health by phenolic supplementation and thus create favorable colonic conditions. This study explored the effect of six stilbenoids (batatasin III, oxyresveratrol, piceatannol, pinostilbene, resveratrol, thunalbene) on the gut microbiota composition. Stilbenoids were anaerobically fermented with fecal bacteria from four donors, samples were collected at 0 and 24 h, and effects on the microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Statistical tests identified affected microbes at three taxonomic levels. Observed microbial composition modulation by stilbenoids included a decrease in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, a decrease in the relative abundance of strains from the genus Clostridium, and effects on the family Lachnospiraceae. A frequently observed effect was a further decrease of the relative abundance when compared to the control. An opposite effect to the control was observed for Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, whose relative abundance increased. Observed effects were more frequently attributed to resveratrol and piceatannol, followed by thunalbene and batatasin III.

scholarly journals Effects of waste milk on growth performance, immunity, and gut health of dairy calves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Zhang ◽  
Tao Ma ◽  
Chuanteng Cheng ◽  
Jingyi Lv ◽  
Haixin Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Waste Milk

Abstract Background Liquid feed are the major nutrient source that can have a significant impact on the growth and development of immune system of calves before weaning. Waste milk containing antibiotic residue has been produced because of the continuous expansion of dairy farms. In order to reduce economic loss and prevent environmental pollution, most farms seem waste milk as one of the calves’ liquid feeds. However, there is limited information to report the effects of waste milk on growth performance, especially immunity function of calves. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of waste milk on growth, immunity and gut health of dairy calves. Results Feeding WM improved hip width, hip height, heart girth, final body weight, and feed efficiency of dairy calves compared to MR. Plasma concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG and IL-10 were higher and TNF-α was lower in WM group. In addition, treatment and time interactively affected plasma concentrations of IgG and IL-2, which increased and decreased in WM group but decreased and increased in MR group, respectively, from 49 to 70 d of age. There was no difference in diarrhea case and average days of diarrhea among treatments. Difference in fecal microbiota was observed between MR and WM groups only at 49 d of age. Analysis of differential abundance showed that the increase in the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group and the decrease in that of Bacteroides was higher in WM than MM group from 49 to 70 d of age. Conclusions WM had beneficial effects on growth performance and did not affect health statue, which might be explained by enhanced immune function modulated by fecal microbiota.

scholarly journals Effect ofLactobacillus reuterion intestinal microflora and immune parameters: involvement of sex differences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayi He ◽  
Lingyi Wu ◽  
Zhen Wu ◽  
Daodong Pan ◽  
Yuxing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immune Parameters

AbstractProbiotic candidateL. reuteriwas screened out forin vivoexperiments based on a relatively higher gastrointestinal tolerance and moderate adhesiveness. As results shown inin-vivoexperiments, a significantly higher level of IL-12 at low-dose group was found both in females and males. Higher levels of T-lymphocytes were also observed in females compared to control group, however, males displayed a reduction expcept for CD8-positive cells in ileum. In comparison to the control group, the relative abundance of phylotypes in the phylumBacteroidetes(genus ofBacteroides,Prevotella) andFirmicutes(genus ofClostridiumIV) exihibited a reserve shift between sexes afterL. reuteriintervened. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of several taxa (Acetobacteroides,Lactobcaillus,bacillus) also differed markedly in sexes at low-dose group, together with microbiota diversity, as indicated by Shannon index.ImportanceSexual dimorphism has triggered researchers’ attention. However, the relationship between immune parameters and gut microbiota caused byLactobacillusat different dosage are not fully elucidated. In present research, the possible probiotic role ofL. reuteriDMSZ 8533 on immunomodulation and effect on fecal microbiota composition were investigated. Our findings demonstrate the importance of L. reuteri DMSZ 8533 as a potential probiotic strain with an immunomodulatory effect, which also alters the microflora composition depending on the sex of the host.

scholarly journals Effects of active dry yeast on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics and slaughter performance in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqiang Liu ◽  
Mei Yuan ◽  
Kun Kang ◽  
Zhisheng Wang ◽  
Lizhi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Slaughter Performance ◽  
Active Dry Yeast

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of active dry yeast (ADY) on rumen microbial composition and slaughter performance of beef cattle. Thirty-two finishing beef cattle (simmental crossbred cattle ♂ × cattle-yaks ♀), with an average body weight of 110 ± 12.85 kg, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: the low plane of nutrition group (Control), low plane of nutrition group + ADY 2 g/head/d (ADY2), low plane of nutrition group + ADY 4 g/head/d (ADY4) and high plane of nutrition group (HPN). ADY supplementation increased average daily gain (P<0.001), and the carcass weight of ADY4 group had no significant difference with HPN group (P>0.05). The serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity in control and ADY4 group was higher than HPN group (P=0.001). The neutral detergent fiber (P=0.022) and acid detergent fiber (P=0.043) digestibility in HPN group was greater than control, but no difference was obtained among ADY2, ADY4 and HPN group (P>0.05). The rumen ammonium nitrogen content in control was greater than ADY2 and ADY4 group (P=0.003), and no difference was obtained ADY2, ADY4 and HPN group (P>0.05). The propionic acid content in the rumen in ADY2, ADY4, and HPN group were greater than control group (P<0.001). The simpson (P=0.014) and shannon (P=0.045) indexes in control and HPN group were greater than ADY4 group. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HPN group was higher than ADY4 group (P=0.015). At the genus level, HPN and ADY4 were clustered together, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 in ADY4 group was higher than control and HPN group (P=0.004). In conclusion, supplementation ADY 4 g/head/d shift the rumen microbial composition of beef cattle fed low plane of nutrition to a more similar level with cattle fed with HPN diet, produced comparable carcass weight with HPN diet.

scholarly journals Supplementation with sodium butyrate improves rumen fermentation, antioxidant capability, and immune function in dairy calves before weaning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Liu ◽  
A La Teng Zhu La ◽  
Alexander Evans ◽  
Shengtao Gao ◽  
Zhongtang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Background Short-chain fatty acids including butyrate have received increasing research interest as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of sodium butyrate (SB) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant capacity, and immune response of calves before weaning. Healthy Holstein female calves (4-day-old; 40 ± 5 kg of body weight) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 10 per group). The control group was fed no SB (SB0), while the other groups were supplemented with 2% (SB2), 4% (SB4), or 6% (SB6) of SB/kg of dry matter. All calves were housed in individual hutches. Results The SB supplementation enhanced growth rate and improved feed conversion into body weight gain compared with the SB0 group. At 60 days of age, the rumen fluid pH increases quadratically with increased SB supplementation, and the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration of rumen fluid in the treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the SB0 group. There was a quadratic effect that indicated that the SB4 treatment was most effective in reducing the NH3-N concentration. The concentration of volatile fatty acids and Acetic: Propionic in rumen fluid were not affected by SB in any groups. At 28 days of age, the serum level of maleic dialdehyde of the SB groups was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the serum of group SB4 was significantly increased compared with the that of the control group. At 28 days of age, SB had a quadratic effect on serum immunoglobulin A concentration, with the greatest increase being observed in group SB4. At 60 days of age, the serum immunoglobulin G concentration increased linearly as SB levels increased. Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, there were positive effects of SB supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant ability, and immune function in calves before weaning. We recommended 4% as the optimal SB supplementation level to improve growth, antioxidant and immune function of calves before weaning.

scholarly journals Influence of fluconazole administration on gut microbiome, intestinal barrier and immune response in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Heng ◽  
Yuanhe Jiang ◽  
Weihua Chu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Control Serum

Antibiotics which can treat or prevent infectious diseases play an important role in medical therapy. However, the use of antibiotics has potential negative effects on the health of the host. For example, antibiotics use may affect the host's immune system by altering the gut microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of antifungal (fluconazole) treatment on gut microbiota and immune system of mice. Results showed that gut microbial composition of mice receiving fluconazole treatment was significantly changed after the trial. Fluconazole did not affect the relative abundance of bacteria but significantly reduced the diversity of bacterial flora. In the Bacteriome, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased, while Bacteroidetes, Deferribacteres, Patescibacteria, and Tenericutes showed a remarkable reduction in fluconazole treated group in comparison with the control group. In the mycobiome, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly decreased and Mucoromycota was significantly increased in the intestine of mice treated with fluconazole compared to the control group. RT-qPCR results showed that the relative gene expression of ZO-1, occludin, MyD88, IL-1β, and IL-6 was decreased in fluconazole-treated group compared to the control. Serum levels of IL-2, LZM and IgM were significantly increased, while IgG level had considerably down-regulated in the fluconazole-treated compared to the control. These results suggest that the administration of fluconazole can influence the gut microbiota and that a healthy gut microbiome is important for the regulation of the host immune responses.

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