Neonatal Problems and Infancy Growth of Term SGA Infants: Does “SGA” Definition Need to Be Re-evaluated?

Introduction: The exact definition of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant is still controversial among clinicians. In this study, we aimed to understand which definition is better in terms of establishing both early postnatal problems and growth. In this way, we compared early neonatal problems and infancy growth of term infants with birth weight (BW) < -2 SDS and with BW between 10th percentile (−1.28 SDS) and −2 SDS.Methods: A single center retrospective cohort study was conducted. Preterm infants, multiple gestations and newborns with any congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Study group was defined as Group 1 (n = 37), infants BW < −2.00 SDS; Group 2 (n = 129), between −1.28 and −2.00 SDS; and Group 3 (n = 137), randomly selected newborns with optimal-for-gestational-age (BW between −0.67 and +0.67 SDS) as a control group.Results: The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was highest in Group 1 (%10.8) and Group 2 and 3 had similar rates of severe hypoglycemia (0.8 and 0.7%, respectively). The incidence of polycythemia was 5.4% in Group 1 and was significantly higher than Group 3 (0.0%) while it was 2.3% in Group 2. Short stature (length < −2 SDS) ratio at the age of 1 and 2 years were similar in each group. Overweight/obesity ratio at the age of 1 were 9.5, 20.8 and 16.7% in each group, respectively (p = 0.509).Conclusion: This study was planned as a pilot study to determine potential differences in the problems of hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and growth according to the differences in definition. Short term disturbances such as hypoglycemia and polycythemia are found to be higher in infants with a BW SDS below −2. From this point of view, of course, it will not be possible to change the routine applications immediately, however this study will be an initiative for discussions by making long-term studies.

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The Reliability of Ponderal Index in Predicting Short-Term Complications of Small for Gestational Age Term Infants.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-634131/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Secil Ercin ◽

Yeşim Coşkun ◽

Tuğba Gürsoy

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Hospitalization Rate ◽

Ponderal Index ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Infants ◽

Severe Morbidity ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Fair Assessment ◽

Group 1

Abstract The birth weight (BW) for gestational age (GA) ensure a fair assessment of the nutritional status of small for gestational (SGA) infants. Ponderal index (PI) is used to identify wasting. This study aims to evaluate the association between PI values and short-term complications of term SGA infants and evaluate the reliability of PI. A total of 489 term SGA infants were included in this retrospective study. According to the PI values, the neonates were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of infants with low PI (PI < 10th percentile) (n=45), group 2 consisted of infants with appropriate PI (PI 10th-90th percentile) (n=405) and the ones with high PI (PI> 90th percentile) (n=39) constituted group 3. Demographic and clinical data of the mothers and neonates including clinical and laboratory assessments were collected and compared statistically. No difference was observed between the groups other than the incidence of hypoglycemia, jaundice requiring treatment and hospitalization rate, which were all significantly higher in low PI group than the group 2 and 3 (p=0.01, p=0.006 and p=0.04, respectively). None of the babies had severe morbidity or died.Conclusion: Although short-term complications were higher in term SGA infants with low PI, all term SGA infants should be defined as high-risk neonates and deserve special neonatal care and surveillance to prevent short-term complications.

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Strength of the Breuer-Hering inflation reflex in term and preterm infants

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1995.79.6.1986 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 79 (6) ◽

pp. 1986-1990 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. P. De Winter ◽

I. T. Merth ◽

A. Berkenbosch ◽

R. Brand ◽

P. H. Quanjer

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Blood Gases ◽

First Year ◽

Static Compliance ◽

Term Infants ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

The effect of the presence of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or related factors (static compliance of the respiratory system and transcutaneous blood gases) and gestational age on the strength of the Breuer-Hering inflation reflex (BHIR) was studied in three groups of infants. Twenty-six ventilated preterm infants with and without RDS were studied 6 h after birth (group 1). In 24 preterm infants, we followed the development of reflex strength during the first year of life (group 2). Twenty-one healthy nonintubated term infants were studied within the first week of life (group 3). The BHIR was initiated by end-inspiratory occlusions, and the strength was characterized by the ratio of expiratory time after and without preceding airway occlusion. The static compliance of the respiratory system in ventilated infants was assessed by the multiple-occlusion technique. In group 1, reflex strength declined with increasing gestational age; in the presence of RDS or low respiratory compliance, the decline was less. Transcutaneous blood gases did not affect reflex strength. At term age, reflex strength was similar in spontaneously breathing preterm (group 2) and term infants (group 3). The BHIR decreased in strength during the first year after preterm birth. We conclude that 1) the strength of the BHIR decreases with increasing gestational and postnatal ages and 2) RDS, due to changes in respiratory system mechanics, causes an increase in reflex strength.

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Vermal Length and Transcerebellar Diameter in Gestational Age Estimation: A Guide to Forensic Expert

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1697895 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 08 (03) ◽

pp. 101-105

Author(s):

Nadia Ahmad ◽

S. L. Jethani ◽

Deepa Singh ◽

Ruchira Nautiyal

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Age Determination ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Group 4 ◽

Age Regression ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Gestational Age Estimation ◽

Formalin Fixed ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Transcerebellar diameter is one of the reliable, constant predicting parameters to assess the gestational age and fetal growth. Other than this, measurements of vermis, mostly the vermal length (height), have also been mentioned by authors to assess gestational age. Establishing a correlation between parameters and advancing gestation would be helpful in estimating the gestational age of fetus. Aims and Objectives To establish a correlation of vermal length and transcerebellar diameter with gestational age. Materials and Methods An observational and descriptive study conducted on 60 formalin-fixed human cerebellums. Fetuses with gross congenital/neurological abnormality were excluded. Fetuses were grouped into four groups—group 1 (13–17 weeks), group 2 (18–22 weeks), group 3 (23–27 weeks), and group 4 (28–32 weeks of gestation). Vermal length and transcerebellar diameter were measured with help of Vernier calipers. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 20.0 and one-way analysis of variance. Observation A linear increase in vermal length parameters and transcerebellar diameter were seen with increasing gestational age. Regression analysis was done and regression equation was derived for each parameter. Conclusion Such correlations would help in fetal age determination in the field of forensic studies.

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Postoperative Morphine Use and Hyperalgesia Are Reduced by Preoperative but Not Intraoperative Epidural Analgesia

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200306000-00023 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 1449-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Joel Katz ◽

Lorenzo Cohen ◽

Roger Schmid ◽

Vincent W.S. Chan ◽

Adarose Wowk

Keyword(s):

Morphine Consumption ◽

Gynecologic Surgery ◽

Control Group ◽

Epidural Administration ◽

Blinded Manner ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Double Blinded ◽

Postoperative Morphine ◽

Group 1

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative morphine-sparing effects and reduction in pain and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia after preincisional or postincisional epidural administration of a local anesthetic and an opioid compared with a sham epidural control. Methods Patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy were randomly assigned to three groups and studied in a double-blinded manner. Group 1 received epidural lidocaine and fentanyl before incision and epidural saline 40 min after incision. Group 2 received epidural saline before incision and epidural lidocaine and fentanyl 40 min after incision. Group 3 received a sham epidural control (with saline injected into a catheter taped to the back) before and 40 min after incision. All patients underwent surgery with general anesthesia. Results One hundred forty-one patients completed the study (group 1, n = 45; group 2, n = 49; group 3, n = 47). Cumulative patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption at 48 h was significantly lower (P = 0.04) in group 1 (89.8 +/- 43.3 mg) than group 3 (112.5 +/- 71.5 mg) but not group 2 (95.4 +/- 60.2 mg), although the hourly rate of morphine consumption between 24 and 48 h after surgery was significantly lower (P < 0.0009) in group 1 (1.25 +/- 0.02 mg/h) than group 2 (1.41 +/- 0.02 mg/h). Twenty-four hours after surgery, the visual analog scale pain score on movement was significantly less intense (P = 0.005) in group 1 (4.9 +/- 2.2 cm) than group 3 (6.0 +/- 2.6 cm) but not group 2 (5.3 +/- 2.5 cm), and the von Frey pain threshold near the wound was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in group 1 (6.4 +/- 0.6 log mg) than in group 3 (6.1 +/- 0.8 log mg) but not group 2 (6.2 +/- 0.7 log mg). Conclusions Preincisional administration of epidural lidocaine and fentanyl was associated with a significantly lower rate of morphine use, lower cumulative morphine consumption, and reduced hyperalgesia compared with a sham epidural condition. These results highlight the importance of including a standard treatment control group to avoid the problems of interpretation that arise when two-group studies of preemptive analgesia (preincisional vs. postsurgery) fail to find the anticipated effects.

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Antioxidant Effect of MnTE-2-PyP on Lung in Asthma Mice Model

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2012/379360 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lyudmil Terziev ◽

Violeta Dancheva ◽

Veneta Shopova ◽

Galya Stavreva

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Control Group ◽

Mice Model ◽

Antioxidant Defence ◽

Group 4 ◽

Antioxidant Defence System ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Aim. To investigate the effects of MnTE-2-PyP on some markers of antioxidant defence system in asthma mice model.Material and Methods. The animals were divided into four groups: group 1, controls; group 2, injected with ovalbumin, group 3, treated with MnTE-2-PyP, and group 4, treated with ovalbumin and MnTE-2-PyP. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups content (NPSH) were determined in lung homogenate.Results. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in group 2 decreased significantly as compared to control group. The decrease of the same enzymes in group 4 was lower and significant as compared to group 2. Changes in the glutathione peroxidase activity showed a similar dynamics. The NPSH groups content decreased in group 2. In group 4 this decrease was relatively lower as compared to group 2.Conclusions. The application of MnTE-2-PyP mitigated the effects of oxidative stress in asthma mice model.

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Pengaruh Monoklonal Antibodi Bovine Zona Pelusida 3 (bZP3) terhadap Diameter dan Atresia Folikel Ovarium Mencit (Mus musculus)

Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi ◽

10.20473/mog.v24i12016.37-42 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Annisa Trissatharra ◽

Sri Ratna Dwiningsih ◽

Ratna Sofaria Munir

Keyword(s):

Mus Musculus ◽

Ovarian Follicles ◽

Observation Time ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objectives: To identify the effect of monoclonal antibody bZP3 at ovarian follicles that undergo atresia and diameter of various ovarian follicles.Materials and Methods: This is a true experimental research with post only control group design. Samples were 36 female mices (Mus musculus) which is divided into 6 groups, there are 3 control groups (group 1, 2, and 3) injected by Phospatase Buffer Saline (PBS) 50µl and 3 treatment groups (group 4, 5, and 6) injected by Mab bZP3 50µl. Group 1 and 4 terminated at 5th day, group 2 and 5 terminated at 10th day, and group 3 and 6 terminated at 20th day. Evaluation of atretic ovarian follicles and diameter of ovarian follicles performed by hematoxylin eosin (HE) and the data processed by parametric statistic.Results: There are no significant in different among groups in the aspect of atretic follicles and diameter of folicles (p>0.05), but descriptively, number of follicles undergo atresia of the follicle primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment group was higher than the control group, except on the 20th day of observation time.Conclusion: administration of Mab bZP3 had no effect to amount of atretic follicles and diameter of folicles during observation time.

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Zingerone Ameliorates Hepatotoxicity

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1817 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 280-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julietpoornamathy J ◽

Parameswari C.S.

Keyword(s):

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Toxic Compounds ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 5 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Insight Into ◽

Group 1

In medical sciences, toxicity is an area wherein extensive studies have been carried to improve the diseases as well as to prevent. So, there is a high requirement for novel and improved alternative therapeutic strategies to manage diseases. The liver is the largest gland in the body, which executes several important mechanisms; it stores minerals and vitamins and releases them in periods of need. The main aim of this study was to give a closer insight into potent non- toxic compounds that is capable of modifying the responses. Animals were divided into five equal groups viz control (Group 1), administered with food and water ad libitum, (Group 2) administered with olive oil, (Group 3) administered with zingerone, (Group 4) administered with concanavalin A, (Group 5) administered with cyclosporine A followed by zingerone. Our results revealed significant changes in liver marker enzymes and liver histology of zingerone treated rats when compared to control rats. A corollary, zingerone has no toxic effect on hepatocytes and was found to be safe at a dose of 10mg/kg b wt and also ameliorates hepatotoxicity.

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Comparative parasitological and electron microscopic studies on the effects of Nitazoxanide and Praziquantel in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice

International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.14419/ijpt.v4i2.6822 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 228

Author(s):

Hend A. El-Taweel ◽

Mona H. El-Sayad ◽

Sahar A. Abu Helw ◽

Mohammad A. Al-Kazzaz

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Control Group ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Male And Female ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽

Antischistosomal Activity ◽

Microscopic Studies ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

This study was designed to evaluate antischistosomal activity of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice compared to Praziquantel (PZQ). Fifty four infected mice were recruited into 3 groups, each of 18 mice. Group 1 was infected non-treated control. Group 2 was infected and then treated with PZQ 500 mg for two days, and group 3 was infected and treated with NTZ 100 mg/kg for seven days. Efficacy of drugs was assessed by Parasitological, and scanning electron microscopic studies. PZQ reduced (4.9%, 22.5% and 50.7%) of faecal eggs, (22%, 22.6% and 55.1%) of intestinal eggs, (20.4%, 44.3% and 46.7%) of hepatic egg counts and (27%, 45.1% and 64.9%) of total worm load whereas, NTZ reduced (4.9%, 22.5% and 50.7%),of faecal eggs, (22%, 22.6% and 55.1%) of intestinal eggs ,(20.4%, 44.3% and 46.7%) of hepatic egg counts and (27%, 45.1% and 64.9%) of total worm load at 1, 2 and 4 WPT, respectively. The percentages of dead eggs were more than 80% after PZQ treatment and only 30% after NTZ at 4 WPT. PZQ showed extensive tegumental damages in male and female worms more than NTZ at 2 WPT. Our findings concluded that Nitazoxanide showed weaker antischistosomal activity in animal models than praziquantel.

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Double activation improves rabbit freeze–thawed oocytes developmental potential

Zygote ◽

10.1017/s0967199409990098 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 27-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. Wang ◽

L. Cong ◽

Z.G. Zhang ◽

Y.X. Cao ◽

Z.L. Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Group ◽

Strontium Chloride ◽

Random Group ◽

Developmental Potential ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Double Activation ◽

Potential Methods ◽

Group 1

SummaryObjective: To investigate the effects of various activation methods on freeze–thawed rabbit oocytes developmental potential. Methods: Rabbit oocytes were vitrified by cryoleafs and cryoprotected with ethylene glycol and propanediol. After thawing, the oocytes were fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Surviving oocytes after ICSI were divided into five groups at random. Group 1: Oocytes (n = 30) activated 1 h after ICSI by calcium ionomycin (I0634); Group 2: Oocytes (n = 26) activated by strontium chloride an hour after ICSI; Group 3: Oocytes (n = 33) activated by I0634 twice; Group 4: Oocytes (n = 28) were activated by strontium chloride twice; Control Group: Inactivated oocytes (n = 39). Blastocysts derived from each group were transplanted to recipient rabbits. Results: Rates of fertilization, cleavage and blastocyst formation of Group 3 were higher than those of Group 1 and Group 2 (81.8% vs 33.3% vs 53.8%, 54.5% vs 16.7% vs 26.9%, p < 0.05; 15.2% vs 3.3% vs 7.7%, p > 0.05). The rabbit transplanted with embryos derived from Group 3 became pregnant. Embryos derived from double activation could implant into endometrium. Conclusion: Double activation may increase freeze–thawed oocytes developmental potential. After activation, oocytes cleavage velocity may be faster than that of oocytes without activation.

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Investigation of TAp63 gene Expression and Follicle Count Using Melatonin in Cisplatin-induced Ovarian Toxicity

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52313/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hacı Öztürk Şahin ◽

Mehmet Nuri Duran ◽

Fatma Sılan ◽

Ece Sılan ◽

Duygu Sıddıkoglu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Female Rats ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Ovarian Toxicity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background: Premature ovarian failure is among the most important side effects of chemotherapy during reproductive period. Preserving ovarian function is gradually gaining importance during oncologic treatment. The present study aims to investigate the potential of melatonin to protect from cisplatin-induced ovarian toxicity in rats. Twenty nine female rats were divided to three groups: Saline control group (Group 1), cisplatin group (Group 2), and cisplatin+melatonin group (Group 3). While the rats in Groups 2 and 3 were administered 5 mg/kg single dose of cisplatin via intra-peritoneal (IP) route, the rats in Group 3 were started on melatonin (20 mg/kg IP) before cisplatin administration and continued during 3 consecutive days. Ovaries were removed one week after cisplatin administration in all groups. Blood samples were obtained before the rats were decapited. Histological evaluation, follicle count, and classification were performed. TAp63 mRNA expression was evaluated using mRNA extraction and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Serum estradiol (E2) and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) values were measured with enzyme immune-assay technology. Results: While primordial follicles were seen to decrease in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 (p:0.023), primordial follicle count was observed to be preserved significantly in melatonin group as compared to Group 2 (p:0.047). Moreover, cisplatin-induced histo-pathological morphology was preserved in favor of normal histology in melatonin group. A significant difference was not observed between groups with regard to mean serum AMH and E2 values (p:0.102 and p:0.411, respectively). While TAp63 gene expression significantly increased in Group 2 as compared to control group (p:0.001), we did not detect a statistically significant difference in cisplatin+melatonin group, although gene expression decreased (p:0.34). Conclusion: We conclude that concurrent administration of melatonin and cisplatin may protect from ovarian damage.

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