scholarly journals Blood-Glucose-Lowering Effect of Coptidis Rhizoma Extracts From Different Origins via Gut Microbiota Modulation in db/db Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanfeng Lyu ◽  
Lin Lin ◽  
Yuning Xie ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Min Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Coptidis Rhizoma ◽  
Time Kill

Background:Coptidis rhizoma extracts (CREs) have been used widely for their anti-diabetic and anti-microbial activities, and berberine/jatrorrhizine/coptisine/palmatine are the primary bioactive components. Although guidelines have adopted content analyses of these components as a quality control method for CREs, it is difficult to differentiate the CREs from different sources using this method because of the lack of indications for their related pharmacological activities.Purpose: To explore the effect of CREs (CREA/CREB/CREC) with different compositions of major components on the gut microbiota and blood glucose levels in db/db mice.Methods: Degradation of berberine/jatrorrhizine/coptisine/palmatine from CREA/CREB/CREC in rat/mouse intestinal contents and their impact on nine common gastrointestinal bacteria were investigated. In addition, the effects of oral administration of CREA/CREB/CREC for 2 weeks on the gut microbiota and blood glucose levels in db/db mice were monitored via insulin/glucose tolerance test (ITT/GTT), insulin concentration, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing.Results and Conclusion: The total amount of berberine/jatrorrhizine/coptisine/palmatine was highest in CREA. Clostridium perfringens was strongly inhibited by all three CREs, with CREA demonstrating the most significant inhibitory effects on minimum inhibitory concentration, time-kill kinetics, and ATP production. In db/db mice, CREA resulted in the most significant decrease in ITT/GTT and depicted different changes in the microbiota from CREB/CREC. Thus, CREs with different compositions of berberine/jatrorrhizine/coptisine/palmatine differed in terms of time-kill kinetics and ATP production assays on C. perfringens. CREA revealed the potent bacterial inhibitory effects and glucose-lowering activity.

scholarly journals Leptin contributes to the beneficial effects of insulin treatment in streptozotocin-diabetic male mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. E1264-E1273
Author(s):  
Ursula H. Neumann ◽  
Michelle M. Kwon ◽  
Robert K. Baker ◽  
Timothy J. Kieffer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Lowering Effect ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucose Lowering Effect

It was long thought that the only hormone capable of reversing the catabolic consequences of diabetes was insulin. However, various studies have demonstrated that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin can robustly lower blood glucose levels in rodent models of insulin-deficient diabetes. In addition, it has been suggested that some of the metabolic manifestations of insulin-deficient diabetes are due to hypoleptinemia as opposed to hypoinsulinemia. Because insulin therapy increases leptin levels, we sought to investigate the contribution of leptin to the beneficial effects of insulin therapy. To do this, we tested insulin therapy in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice that were either on an ob/ ob background or that were given a leptin antagonist to determine if blocking leptin action would blunt the glucose-lowering effects of insulin therapy. We found that STZ diabetic ob/ ob mice have a diminished blood glucose-lowering effect in response to insulin therapy compared with STZ diabetic controls and exhibited more severe weight loss post-STZ injection. In addition, STZ diabetic mice administered a leptin antagonist through daily injection or plasmid expression respond less robustly to insulin therapy as assessed by both fasting blood glucose levels and blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. However, leptin antagonism did not prevent the insulin-induced reduction in β-hydroxybutyrate and triglyceride levels. Therefore, we conclude that elevated leptin levels can contribute to the glucose-lowering effect of insulin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes.

scholarly journals Effect of Probiotics on the Glucose Levels of Pregnant Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Medicina ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Rong Peng ◽  
Ta-Wei Wu ◽  
You-Chen Chao
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition, in which women develop high blood sugar levels during pregnancy without having diabetes. Evidence on the effects of probiotics on the blood glucose levels of women with GDM is inconsistent. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics on the blood glucose levels of pregnant women. Methods: Online databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane, and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before July 2018. Trials had to meet the inclusion criteria of our study. Methodological quality and risk bias were independently assessed by two reviewers. Data were pooled using a random effects model and were expressed as the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was evaluated and quantified as I2. Results: In total, 12 RCTs were included in this study. Studies have shown that the use of probiotics significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level (MD: −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.19, −0.02), insulin concentration (MD: −2.24 μIU/mL; 95% CI: −3.69, −0.79), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score (MD: −0.47; 95% CI: −0.74, −0.21), and Homeostasis model of assessment-estimated β cell function (HOMA-B) score (MD: −20.23; 95% CI: −31.98, −8.49) of pregnant women. In a subgroup analysis, whether the blood glucose-lowering effect of probiotics influenced the diagnosis of pregnant women with GDM was assessed. The results showed that probiotics had significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level (MD: −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.17, −0.04) and HOMA-IR score (MD: −0.37; 95% CI: −0.72, −0.02) of pregnant women who were not diagnosed with GDM. Conclusion: Probiotics reduce the blood glucose level of pregnant women, especially without GDM diagnosis. However, further research using RCTs must be conducted to validate the results of the present study.

scholarly journals Effects of metformin, acarbose, and sitagliptin monotherapy on gut microbiota in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minchun Zhang ◽  
Rilu Feng ◽  
Mei Yang ◽  
Cheng Qian ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats

ObjectiveRecent studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota was closely related to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Oral antidiabetic medications including metformin, acarbose and sitagliptin lowered blood glucose levels via acting on the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the study was to observe the comparisons among those medications on gut microbiota composition.Research design and methodsZucker diabetic fatty rats (n=32) were randomly divided into four groups, and had respectively gastric administration of normal saline (control), metformin (215.15 mg/kg/day), acarbose (32.27 mg/kg/day), or sitagliptin (10.76 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Blood glucose levels were measured during an intragastric starch tolerance test after the treatments. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to access the microbiota in the fecal samples.ResultsMetformin, acarbose, and sitagliptin monotherapy effectively decreased fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels (p<0.001). Acarbose group displayed specific cluster and enterotype mainly composed byRuminococcus 2whileLactobacilluswas the dominant bacterium in the enterotype of the other three groups. The relative abundance of generaRuminococcus 2andBifidobacteriumwas dramatically higher in acarbose group. Metformin and sitagliptin increased the relative abundance of genus Lactobacillus. Metagenomic prediction showed that the functional profiles of carbohydrate metabolism were enriched in acarbose group.ConclusionsMetformin, acarbose and sitagliptin exerted different effects on the composition of gut microbiota and selectively increased the beneficial bacteria. Supplementation with specific probiotics may further improve the hypoglycemic effects of the antidiabetic drugs.

scholarly journals Self-monitoring of blood glucose as an essential component of exerting total control over diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
E. V Biryukova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Lowering Therapy

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease associated with the development of micro-and macrovascular complications, prevention of which is an important task of modern medicine. Achieving and maintaining blood glucose levels close to normal, however, is almost impossible without the full participation of the patient in the treatment of diabetes. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SAG) is the basis of the effectiveness of glucose-lowering therapy and prevention of hypoglycemia. This article discusses the recommended frequency of SCG depending on the type of diabetes. For measuring blood sugar at home now a variety of devices is available. Selection of quality meter is determined by ease of use, ease of operation of the device, ease of preparation and fair presentation of results of the results of measurement.

scholarly journals Revealing the Hypoglycemic Effects and Mechanism of GABA-Rich Germinated Adzuki Beans on T2DM Mice by Untargeted Serum Metabolomics

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujie Jiang ◽  
Qingpeng Xu ◽  
Aiwu Zhang ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Zhijiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases, and exploring strategies to prevent and treat diabetes has become extremely important. In recent decades the search for new therapeutic strategies for T2DM involving dietary interventions has attracted public attention. We established a diabetic mouse model by feeding mice a high-fat diet combined with injection of low-dose streptozotocin, intending to elucidate the effects and possible mechanisms of different dosages of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich germinated adzuki beans on the treatment of diabetes in mice. The mice were treated for 6 weeks either with increasing doses of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans, with non-germinated adzuki beans, with GABA, or with the positive control drug metformin. Then, the blood glucose levels and blood lipid biochemical indicators of all the mice were measured. At the same time, serum differential metabolite interactions were explored by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based serum metabolomic analysis. The results showed that body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05). We also report improved levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and serum creatinine. We observed a significant improvement in the homeostasis model assessment of the beta cell function and insulin resistance (HOMA-β and HOMA-IR) scores (P &lt; 0.05) in the group of mice treated with the highest dose of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans. In addition, the metabolic profiles of the serum were analyzed, and 31 differential metabolites including amino acids and lipids were obtained. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, this was found to be correlated with nine significantly enriched metabolic pathways involving the up-regulation of levels of L-serine, SM (d18:1/22:1(13Z)), L-histidine, creatine, and 3-indoleacetic acid. Our data suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans on diabetic mice may be related to improving tryptophan metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, sphingosline metabolism, and the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolic pathways. This study provides a reference for the application of GABA-enriched germinated foods in type 2 diabetes and could provide a cue for searching biomarkers to be adopted for T2DM diagnosis.

scholarly journals Glucose Metabolism After Pancreatectomy: Opposite Extremes Between Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Distal Pancreatectomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumimaru Niwano ◽  
Naru Babaya ◽  
Yoshihisa Hiromine ◽  
Ippei Matsumoto ◽  
Keiko Kamei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Distal Pancreatectomy ◽  
Exocrine Function ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Partial Pancreatectomy ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract Context The rate of glucose metabolism changes drastically after partial pancreatectomy. Objective This work aims to analyze changes in patients’ glucose metabolism and endocrine and exocrine function before and after partial pancreatectomy relative to different resection types (Kindai Prospective Study on Metabolism and Endocrinology after Pancreatectomy: KIP-MEP study). Methods A series of 278 consecutive patients with scheduled pancreatectomy were enrolled into our prospective study. Of them, 109 individuals without diabetes, who underwent partial pancreatectomy, were investigated. Data were compared between patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD, n = 73) and those with distal pancreatectomy (DP, n = 36). Results Blood glucose levels during the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (75gOGTT) significantly decreased after pancreatectomy in the PD group (area under the curve [AUC] –9.3%, P &lt; .01), and significantly increased in the DP population (AUC + 16.8%, P &lt; .01). Insulin secretion rate during the 75gOGTT and glucagon stimulation test significantly decreased after pancreatectomy both in the PD and DP groups (P &lt; .001). Both groups showed similar homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values after pancreatectomy. Decrease in exocrine function quality after pancreatectomy was more marked in association with PD than DP (P &lt; .01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that resection type and preoperative HOMA-IR independently influenced glucose tolerance-related postoperative outcomes. Conclusions Blood glucose levels after the OGTT differed markedly between PD and DP populations. The observed differences between PD and DP suggest the importance of individualization in the management of metabolism and nutrition after partial pancreatectomy.

scholarly journals The Effects of Green Tea on Diabetes and Gut Microbiome in db/db Mice: Studies with Tea Extracts vs. Tea Powder

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3155
Author(s):  
Guojun Wu ◽  
Anna B. Liu ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Liping Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Intake Water

Green tea extracts and tea catechins have been shown to prevent or alleviate diabetes. The present study tests the hypothesis that green tea leaves in powder form (GTP), which also contain fiber and other water non-extractable materials, are more effective than the corresponding green tea extracts (GTE) in impeding the development of diabetes in db/db mice. Female db/db mice were treated with a diet containing 1% of GTE, 2% of GTE, 2% of GTP (with the same catechin content as 1% GTE) or 1% GTP. The 1% GTE group had lower food intake, water consumption, body weight and fasting blood glucose levels than the control group, while 2% GTP did not have any significant effect. Dietary 1% GTE also preserved β-cell insulin secretion. However, 1% GTP increased food intake, water consumption and blood glucose levels. Microbiome analysis with 16S rRNA gene V4 sequencing showed that the gut microbiota was modified by GTE and GTP, and a few bacterial guilds were associated with blood glucose levels. In the Random Forest regression model, the leading predictor of metabolic outcome was food consumption, followed by changes in some bacterial guilds. The results illustrate the importance of food consumption and gut microbiota in affecting the progression of diabetes.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Composition and Effect of Nauclea Latifolia Aqueous Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Albino Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
D O Ochalefu ◽  
G I Adoga ◽  
C D Luka ◽  
H A Abu ◽  
E O O Amali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Nauclea Latifolia

Researches targeted at understanding and controlling abnormally high level of blood glucose in Diabetes mellitus are ongoing. In spite of many available anti-diabetic drugs in the market, safer and cheaper remedies from plant material are being sought for due to the unwanted side effects of these drugs. In this research work, we looked at the beneficial blood glucose lowering effect of the plant Nauclea latifolia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats. The extracts were first screened for the presence of phytochemicals using standard methods and the result showed the presence of saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, phlobatannins, anthraquinone, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids. The study design involved 30 male albino Wistar rats which were divided into 6 groups. Groups 1 and 2 represent the Normal Control and Diabetic Control respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were Diabetic rats treated orally with 500mg/kg body weight of aqueous extracts of Stem-bark, Leaves and Root-bark respectively while Group 6 were Diabetic rats treated with 5mg/kg body weight of Glibenclamide. The extracts and Glibenclamide were administered for 28 days. Blood glucose levels were determined on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 by tail tipping method using Glucometer (Accu-Chek, Manheim, Germany). The extracts and Glibenclamide reduced significantly (p<0.05) the Fasting Blood Glucose levels in the diabetic treated rats compared with the Diabetic Control. Amongst the extracts the root-bark is more efficacious, decreasing the glucose level by 49.80% while the stem-bark and leaves brought about reduction by 28.76% and 12.15% respectively. The findings imply that the extracts of this plant have blood glucose lowering ability and should be further evaluated for its beneficial effect in Diabetes mellitus management.

scholarly journals The gut microbial signature of gestational diabetes mellitus and the association with diet intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Wu ◽  
Jingwei Zhou ◽  
Heng Mo ◽  
Qing Mu ◽  
Huiting Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Diet Intervention ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Diet Management

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a high-risk pregnancy complication that is associated with metabolic disorder phenotypes, such as abnormal blood glucose and obesity. The link between microbiota and diet management contributes to metabolic homeostasis in GDM. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the structure of the gut microbiota in GDM and to explore the effect of dietary management on the microbiota structure. In this study, we analyzed the composition of the gut microbiota between 27 GDM and 30 healthy subjects at two time points using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The taxonomy analyses suggested that the overall bacteria clustered by diabetes status, rather than diet intervention. Of particular interest, the phylum Acidobacteria in GDM was significantly increased, and positively correlated with blood glucose levels. Moreover, Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that certain genera in the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Lentisphaerae characterized the GDM gut microbiota. Correlation analysis indicated that blood glucose levels and BMI index were correlated with the relative abundance of SCFAS-producing genera. Through the comparison between the GDM and healthy samples with or without diet intervention, we discovered that the role of short-term diet management in GDM processes is associated with the change in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and some specific taxa, rather than an alternative gut microbial pattern. Our study have important implications for understanding the beneficial effects of diet intervention on the specific gut microbiota and thus possibly their metabolism in pregnant women with GDM.ImportanceUnderstanding the composition and dynamics of the gut microbiota in GDM women under diet intervention is important because there may be opportunities for preventive strategies. We examined the relationships between GDM gut microbiota at two times before and after the diet intervention during second trimester of pregnancy and clinical characteristics in cohort of GDM women. We found that short-term diet management in GDM processes is associated with changes in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and some specific taxa rather than an alternative gut microbial pattern. Our study highlights the importance of considering diet intervention as the rescue of microbial dysfunction of GDM disease and can serve as a strategy for early prevention in future study.

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