scholarly journals Geneva® Series Rootstocks for Apple Trees Under Extreme Replanting Conditions in Southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Rufato ◽  
Pricila Santos da Silva ◽  
Aike Anneliese Kretzschmar ◽  
Amauri Bogo ◽  
Tiago Afonso de Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Training System ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Allelopathic Effects ◽  
Relative Differences

Geneva® rootstocks in Brazil are known to be efficient in controlling vigor, and are precocious and resistant to diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of apple tree cultivars grafted on the Geneva® rootstocks in severe replant disease areas, by planting 60 days after the eradication. The experiments were implemented in 2017, in São Joaquim and Vacaria. The Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars were grafted onto ‘G.202’, ‘G.814’, ‘G.210’, and ‘G.213’ rootstocks in the Tall Spindle training system. In 2018/2019, total thinning was carried out to promote plant growth. In São Joaquim, partial thinning was carried out in 2019/2020 harvest of ‘Gala Select’. The rootstocks were divided into two groups based on vigor, for both areas and cultivars. ‘G.202’ and ‘G.213’ were 40% less vigorous than ‘G.210’ and ‘G.814’. For ‘Gala Select’, the extreme non-fallow condition mainly affected the vigor and productivity of ‘G.213’ in both areas. At the end of two harvests, ‘G.213’ was 17% less productive than ‘G.210’, contrary to what is observed in areas where the fallow period is respected. However, ‘G.213’ confirmed a greater yield efficiency, which was 27% higher than ‘G.210’. This suggests that a perspective of forecasting production for the third crop is higher for ‘G.213’ than for ‘G.210’. In the case of ‘Fuji Suprema’, the G.210 rootstock was the most productive in both areas. In São Joaquim, ‘G.202’ matched ‘G.210’ in productivity and efficiency as it sprouts better in colder regions. Considering the fruit quality, ‘G.213’ anticipated the maturation with fruits of larger size and higher total soluble solids (TSS) in both areas and cultivars, making it possible to anticipate the harvest. It was concluded that the non-fallow condition does not alter the relative differences in vigor and fruit quality among the rootstocks. However, notwithstanding the overall replant tolerance of these rootstocks, it does reduce productivity by mainly affecting less vigorous rootstocks that need about three crops to overcome the allelopathic effects of the soil and start growing normally. The G.210 semi-dwarfing rootstock is an alternative for the immediate conversion of apple orchards of Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars in southern Brazil.

scholarly journals Irrigation and Rootstock Influence on Water Use, Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality at Harvest at Different Ages of Trees in ‘Pacific Gala’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Bahar Fallahi ◽  
Bahman Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Yield Efficiency

During various ages of tree between 2002 and 2007, the effects of four rootstocks and two irrigation systems using a crop evapotranspiration-based (ETc) water scheduling on water use, tree growth, yield, and fruit quality at harvest in ‘Pacific Gala’ apple [(Malus ×domestica) Borkh] were studied. The use of ETc when a precise crop coefficient value (Kc), modified by percentage of ground shade (GS) and tree canopy maturity (M) was used, provided a reliable tool for irrigation scheduling of ‘Pacific Gala’ apple. Young trees with a full sprinkler (FS) system received an average of 872.3 mm (5616.8 L/tree), whereas those with full drip (FD) received 448.9 mm (2921.1 L/tree). However, when trees were mature, trees with a FS system received an average of 994 mm (6461.7 L/tree), whereas trees with a FD received 614.1 mm (3996 L/tree) of irrigation water per growing season. Trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (‘B.9’) had smaller trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) and higher yield efficiency, whereas those on ‘Supporter4’ (‘Sup.4’) had larger TCA and lower yield efficiency than those on other rootstocks in all years of the study. Trees on ‘Nic.9’ (‘RN29’) always had higher yield per tree as compared with those on other rootstocks. Trees on ‘RN29’ often had higher but trees on ‘B.9’ had lower fruit weight than did those on other rootstocks. Trees on ‘Sup.4’, despite their lower yields, had smaller fruits than those on ‘RN29’ every year and thus were not suitable for planting. Fruit from trees on ‘B.9’ and ‘Cornell-Geneva30’ (‘G.30’) often had higher soluble solids concentration (SSC) and starch degradation pattern (SDP) than those other rootstocks. Fruits from trees on ‘G.30’ also had lower firmness and higher stem-end cracking, suggesting that this rootstock advances maturity in ‘Pacific Gala’ apple. Trees with FS irrigation had higher TCA than those with the FD system. Trees with the FD system were more precocious and had higher yield per tree, yield efficiency, and fruit weight than trees with the FS system when they were young. However, these differences were not significant when trees matured. ‘Pacific Gala’ fruit from trees with FS consistently had better color than those with the FD system every year. Fruits from young trees with the FD system often had higher SDP and lower firmness than those from FS irrigation.

scholarly journals Effect of different training systems to catch greater light interception in apple cultivar Maxi Gala in temperate climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ((04) 2019) ◽  
pp. 574-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Fontanella Sander ◽  
Tiago Afonso Macedo ◽  
Pricila Santos da Silva ◽  
Juliana Fátima Welter ◽  
Augusto José Posser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Training System ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Apple is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. In Brazil, apple is the deciduous fruit of major importance. Its production is focused in the southern region of the country. To increase apple tree yield and to optimize fruit quality, it is important to choose a suitable training system to obtain greater light interception and photosynthetic radiation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate vegetative and productive aspects of the cultivar Maxi Gala grafted on seven-year-old dwarf rootstock M.9, under three different training systems: Tall Spindle, Solaxe and Vertical Axis. The experimental orchard was implemented in August, 2010 in Vacaria city, Rio Grande do Sul province, Brazil. The experiment was conducted and evaluated in (2014-2017) seasons. The results showed that Tall Spindle, Solaxe and Vertical Axis driving systems had no effect on internode length, plant height, fruit diameter and quality parameters such as pulp firmness and soluble solids. Therefore, the Tall Spindle driving system was more efficient for accumulative production, being this the indicated combination for regions with the edaphoclimatic characteristics like those of the orchard under study.

scholarly journals The influence of rootstocks on the growth, yield and fruit quality of the plum cultivar Cacanska rana

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Dragan Milatovic ◽  
Mirjana Radovic ◽  
Gordan Zec ◽  
Djordje Boskov
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency

The paper examines the influence of three clonal rootstocks ('Pixy', 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A') along with seedlings of Myrobalan (control) on the growth, yield and fruit quality of the plum cultivar 'Cacanska Rana'. Research was conducted in the area of the Belgrade Danube basin for the six-year period (2013-2018). In comparison to control, all three clonal rootstocks have shown a significant effect on the decrease of vigor expressed as a trunk cross-sectional area. The lowest vigor was found in trees on the 'Pixy' rootstock, then on 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A' rootstocks. Regarding the rootstocks 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A', significantly higher fruit set and yields were achieved in comparison to control. Clonal rootstocks induced an increase in the yield per hectare ranging from 72% to 93% compared to Myrobalan. The highest yield efficiency was found in the trees on the 'Fereley' rootstock, followed by the yields observed in the trees on the 'Pixy' and 'St. Julien A' rootstocks. Significantly higher fruit weight compared to control was obtained in the trees on the 'Fereley' rootstock. Rootstocks did not show any significant effect on the soluble solids and total acid contents of the fruit. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that all three clonal rootstocks showed better results than Myrobalan, and can be recommended for establishing intensive plum plantations with higher planting density. The best results in terms of yield and fruit quality were obtained with the 'Fereley' rootstock.

scholarly journals Initial production and fruit quality of scion-rootstock combinations in orange trees in Amazonas

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Costa Santos ◽  
Cláudio Luiz Leone Azevedo ◽  
José Eduardo Borges de Carvalho ◽  
Silvana Pimentel de Oliveira ◽  
Ajax de Souza Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Total Titratable Acidity ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Technological Index ◽  
Orange Trees

Abstract The cultivation of orange trees in Amazonas, Brazil relies predominantly on grafted plants combining ‘Pera’ scion and ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstock. Alternative rootstocks better adapted to the conditions of the region have not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this research was to test seven rootstocks for the production of high-quality oranges under the typical conditions of the Amazon. Citrus production was evaluated from May to August between 2017 and 2019, based on the variables of cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and crop-yield index over the study period. The fruit physicochemical quality was evaluated by quantification of total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, ratio, juice percentage, and technological index. ‘Indio,’ ‘BRS Bravo’, and ‘Riverside’ genotypes combined with ‘Pera’/CNPMF scion had the highest yield and good fruit quality. They are potentially the most suitable combinations to grow sweet oranges in the Amazon.

scholarly journals Yield efficiency for nine apple cultivars grafted on two rootstocks

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1701-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Caetano Fioravanço ◽  
Ana Beatriz Costa Czermainski ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Apple Cultivars

ABSTRACT: Currently, using smaller trees is one of the most important trends in apple cultivation. It is expected that reduced size plants produce lower amount of fruit, but with high yield and yield efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield efficiency (YE) of nine apple tree cultivars, grafted on two rootstocks, from the second to the seventh year after planting. The YE indexes oscillated from one to the other year, regardless of rootstock. Correlations between YE and yield per tree and between YE and trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) confirmed that efficiency can be increased by the production increment or by the plant's vigor reduction. The usefulness of cumulative YE (ƩYE) is highlighted to compare apple tree cultivars after the third year of production. The highest ƩYE indexes were observed for 'Royal Gala' and 'Baigent', on M-9 rootstock, and for 'Gala Real' and 'Maxi-Gala', on Marubakaido/M-9 rootstock.

scholarly journals Ammonium thiosulfate as blossom thinner in 'Maxi Gala' apple trees

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1132-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas De Ross Marchioretto ◽  
Andrea De Rossi ◽  
Micheli Fochesato Michelon ◽  
Julio Cesar Orlandi ◽  
Leonardo Oliboni do Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Ammonium Thiosulfate ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of using ammonium thiosulfate as a chemical blossom thinner in 'Maxi Gala' apple (Malus domestica) trees and its effects on fruit quality. The experiment was carried out in an experimental orchard in the Southern Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, with five replicates. Ammonium thiosulfate was sprayed on the apple trees at the full bloom stage, at 0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5%. Evaluations were performed for the effects on crop load, fruit set, yield efficiency, and fruit quality parameters such as weight, shape, total soluble solids, seed number, flesh firmness, color, and russeting occurrence. Ammonium thiosulfate at 2.5% is effective to reduce crop load and to improve fruit quality. The thinning effect of ammonium thiosulfate is not dependent on the weather conditions during the crop season. The rate of 3.5% of ammonium thiosulfate causes overthinning and does not result in the improvement of fruit quality.

scholarly journals Scion × Rootstock Response on Production, Mineral Composition and Fruit Quality under Heavy-Calcareous Soil and Hot Climate

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1159
Author(s):  
Carolina Font i Forcada ◽  
Gemma Reig ◽  
Lucía Mestre ◽  
Pierre Mignard ◽  
Jesús Ángel Betrán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Solids Content

Since there are many different factors which affect peach orchard profitability, it is necessary to conduct long-term studies to find the best scion/rootstock combination within the constraints imposed by local climate and economic conditions. The influence of six peach-almond hybrids (“Adafuel”, “Adarcias”, Garnem”, “GF 677”, “PADAC 9902-01” and “Rootpac 70”); one P. persica × P. davidiana hybrid: “Cadaman”; five hexaploid plums (“Adesoto 101”, “PM 44 AD”, “PM 105 AD”, “PM 150 AD”, and “Penta”); three plum × peach-almond hybrids (“PADAC 04-01”, “PADAC 04-03” and “PADAC 99-05”), and one plum x almond hybrid (“Rootpac R”) on agronomic, basic fruit quality parameters, and flower and leaf mineral nutrients of the “Big Top” nectarine was tested. The highest vigor was induced by “Adafuel”, while the lowest vigor was exhibited by “PM 105 AD”, although the latter did not differ from the rest of the rootstocks. Yield efficiency was higher for “Adesoto 101” and lower for “Adafuel”. Regarding the soluble solids content (SSC), “PADAC 04-01” rootstock induced the highest average content, although it did not differ from “Adarcias”, “Adesoto 101”, “PADAC 99-05”, “PM 105 AD”, and “Rootpac R”. In addition, significant effect of rootstock was found on the flower and leaf mineral analysis traits evaluated. The medium (“Adarcias”, “Adesoto 101”, “PM 105 AD”) to high vigorous plum based hybrid rootstocks (“PADAC 04-01”, “PADAC 99-05” and “Rootpac R”) showed the tendency to induce a better fruit quality, based on higher concentration of SSC, and other yield attributes, demonstrating their commercial interest as new rootstocks for peaches. Considering its overall performance, “PADAC 04-01” appears as a new promising rootstock alternative to peach-almond hybrids on heavy and calcareous textured soils.

scholarly journals Rootstock, Canopy Architecture, Bark Girdling, and Scoring Influence on Growth, Productivity, and Fruit Quality at Harvest in ‘Aztec Fuji’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1629-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Michael J. Kiester ◽  
Bahar Fallahi ◽  
Shahla Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Training System ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Size Controlling

The increasing scarcity of land and water for agriculture mandates an efficient use of these natural resources. Establishment of high-density orchards with the use of a size-controlling rootstock, in combination with a suitable canopy architecture, is an efficient method for fruit production. However, less attention has been paid to the use of size-controlling practices such as trunk girdling in these modern orchard systems. The impacts of two rootstocks, two tree architectures, and three levels of bark cambium cuts (girdling or scoring) on growth, yield, fruit quality attributes at harvest, and leaf nitrogen (N) in ‘Aztec Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied in 2015 and 2016. Trees on Nic 29 had larger canopies, higher yields, and larger fruit, but lower fruit color, sunburn, and firmness than those on Bud 9. Trees with a tall spindle (TS) architecture had higher yield in 2016, higher fruit soluble solids and firmness in 2015, higher fruit russet in 2016, but shorter terminal growth in both 2015 and 2016 and lower leaf N in 2015 than did those with a central leader (CL) training system. Trees receiving a bark girdling in 2015 (BG15) or score girdling in 2015 and 2016 (SG1516) had significantly higher yield than trees on nongirdled trees (NOGD) in 2016. Bark girdling or score girdling in 2015 (BG15 or SG15) increased fruit weight (size), color, and firmness at harvest in the same year, although differences for score girdling were not always significant. However, BG15 or SG15 did not have a “carryover” effect and did not affect fruit size, color, or firmness at harvest in 2016. When bark scoring was repeated in 2016 (SG1516), fruit size was increased in 2016. On the basis of the results of this 2-year study, it appears that bark girdling in one year is sufficient to increase fruit size of the current year and the yield in the following year. If larger fruit size is the critical objective of fruit production, annual score girdling needs to be practiced. However, a further long-term study is needed to monitor the carryover effects of cambium girdling and scoring on tree performance and fruit quality attributes in the subsequent years.

scholarly journals Rootstock Affects the Fruit Quality of ‘Early Bigi’ Sweet Cherries

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2317
Author(s):  
Valter Martins ◽  
Vânia Silva ◽  
Sandra Pereira ◽  
Sílvia Afonso ◽  
Ivo Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Solids Content

The cherry rootstock influences the performance of the scion cultivar. It has an effect on cherry fruit quality, tree growth, yield and yield efficiency and floral and foliar nutrition. In this work, the influence of Saint Lucie 64 and Maxma 60 rootstocks on the fruit quality traits of cv. Early Bigi was evaluated. For this, several parameters, namely fruit weight (FW) and size (FS), soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), flesh firmness (FF), epidermis rupture force (ERF), color and sensory profile, were assessed. Results showed that the fruits from trees on Saint Lucie 64 presented higher FF and ERF values and, consequently, better texture. On the other hand, fruits from trees on Maxma 60 showed sweeter cherries (higher SSC). Moreover, these trees presented the darkest cherries (lower values of L*, a*, b*, C* and hue°) and the highest SSC. Therefore, although the trees on Saint Lucie 64 produced firmer cherries, it was those with the Maxma 60 rootstock that produced sweeter and darker fruits. In conclusion, both scion–rootstock combinations proved to be good options for the region of Resende.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SUMMER PRUNING ON APPLE TREE CANOPY MICROCLIMATE AND FRUIT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 265A-265
Author(s):  
Ray Allen ◽  
Curt Rom ◽  
John Aselage
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Summer Fruit

Summer pruning effects on apple tree canopy microclimate, fruit quality, and summer disease were studied in a commercial orchard in eastern Arkansas. Eighteen lo-year-old trees of `Golde n Delicious'/M111 were treated as follows: 1) non-pruned control, 2) moderate pruned, thinning cuts in the canopy, and 3) heavy pruned, thinning cuts in the canopy and heading shoots on the canopy periphery. Treatments were applied on 23-June, 1992. All trees were dormant pruned. PPFD and relative evaporation (RE), measured with Livingston atmometers, were measured at time of treatment, on 15-July, and at Harvest, 9-Sept. PPFD and RE were immediately increased by summer pruning but by harvest had returned to levels near the non-pruned control. Fruit firmness, titratable acidity, starch, and color were not significantly affected while soluble solids were inconsistently affected. Weight was decreased insignificantly by moderate pruning and decreased slightly by heavy pruning. Summer fruit rot incidence was similar among all treatments. PPFD and RE were significantly higher in upper positions of the canopy as compared to lower positions.

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