scholarly journals The Relationship Between Referral of Touch and the Feeling of Ownership in the Rubber Hand Illusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arran T. Reader ◽  
Victoria S. Trifonova ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
The Real ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Real Hand

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is one of the most commonly used paradigms to examine the sense of body ownership. Touches are synchronously applied to the real hand, hidden from view, and a false hand in an anatomically congruent position. During the illusion one may perceive that the feeling of touch arises from the false hand (referral of touch), and that the false hand is one's own. The relationship between referral of touch and body ownership in the illusion is unclear, and some articles average responses to statements addressing these experiences, which may be inappropriate depending on the research question of interest. To address these concerns, we re-analyzed three freely available datasets to better understand the relationship between referral of touch and feeling of ownership in the RHI. We found that most participants who report a feeling of ownership also report referral of touch, and that referral of touch and ownership show a moderately strong positive relationship that was highly replicable. In addition, referral of touch tends to be reported more strongly and more frequently than the feeling of ownership over the hand. The former observations confirm that referral of touch and ownership are related experiences in the RHI. The latter, however, indicate that when pooling the statements one may obtain a higher number of illusion ‘responders’ compared to considering the ownership statements in isolation. These results have implications for the RHI as an experimental paradigm.

scholarly journals The supernumerary rubber hand illusion revisited: perceived duplication of limbs and visuotactile events

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenggui Fan ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Real Right ◽  
The Real ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
Supernumerary Limbs ◽  
Real Hand

A controversial and unresolved issue in cognitive neuroscience is whether humans can experience supernumerary limbs as part of their own body. Some previous experiments have claimed that it is possible to elicit supernumerary hand illusions based on modified versions of the rubber hand illusion. However, other studies have provided conflicting results that suggest that only one rubber hand can be perceived as one’s own. To address this issue, we developed a supernumerary hand illusion paradigm that allowed us to disambiguate ownership of individual rubber hands from simultaneous ownership of two fake hands. In our setup, the participant’s real right hand was hidden under a platform, while two identical right rubber hands were placed in parallel on top of the platform in direct view of the participant. We applied synchronous strokes to both rubber hands and the real hand (SS), synchronous strokes to one rubber hand and the real hand and asynchronous strokes to the other model hand (AS and SA) or asynchronous strokes to both fake hands in relation to the real hand (AA). Our results demonstrate that a genuine illusion of owning two rubber hands can be elicited and that such a supernumerary hand illusion can be isolated from the sense of ownership of a single rubber hand both in terms of questionnaire ratings and threat-evoked skin conductance responses (SCRs). These findings advance our knowledge about the dynamic flexibility and fundamental constraints of body representation and emphasize the importance of correlated afferent signals for causal inference in body ownership.

scholarly journals Decreased motor cortex excitability mirrors own hand disembodiment during the rubber hand illusion

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco della Gatta ◽  
Francesca Garbarini ◽  
Guglielmo Puglisi ◽  
Antonella Leonetti ◽  
Annamaria Berti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Real ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Real Hand

During the rubber hand illusion (RHI), subjects experience an artificial hand as part of their own body, while the real hand is subject to a sort of 'disembodiment'. Can this altered belief about the body also affect physiological mechanisms involved in body-ownership, such as motor control? Here we ask whether the excitability of the motor pathways to the real (disembodied) hand are affected by the illusion. Our results show that the amplitude of the motor-evoked potentials recorded from the real hand is significantly reduced, with respect to baseline, when subjects in the synchronous (but not in the asynchronous) condition experience the fake hand as their own. This finding contributes to the theoretical understanding of the relationship between body-ownership and motor system, and provides the first physiological evidence that a significant drop in motor excitability in M1 hand circuits accompanies the disembodiment of the real hand during the RHI experience.

scholarly journals The territory of my body: Testosterone prevents limb cooling in the Rubber Hand Illusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donné van der Westhuizen ◽  
Teneille Page ◽  
Mark Solms ◽  
Jack van Honk
Keyword(s):  
Social Power ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Proprioceptive Drift

ABSTRACTThe Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) is an experimental paradigm for assessing changes in body ownership. Recent findings in the field suggest that social-emotional variables can influence such changes. Since body ownership is a mechanism that enables subjects to organise information about the environment and interact efficiently in it, changes in body ownership should have important implications for social power. In the current study, we investigated whether 0.5mg of testosterone, a steroid hormone strongly implicated in the achievement of power and dominance, affected the RHI. Forty-nine females participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment in which the RHI was induced. Compared to placebo, testosterone had no effects on the usual alteration of subjective ownership over the rubber limb or on subjective sense of proprioceptive drift. However, unlike the placebo group, testosterone-treated participants did not display an objective decline in the temperature of their own (hidden) hand following induction of the illusion. These findings suggest that testosterone strengthens implicit but not explicit bodily self-representations. We propose that effective maintenance of implicit body boundaries can be regarded, conceptually, as a primary defensive state facilitating integrity of the self.

scholarly journals The relationship between virtual body ownership and temperature sensitivity

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (85) ◽  
pp. 20130300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Llobera ◽  
M. V. Sanchez-Vives ◽  
Mel Slater
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
The Real ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Visual Presence ◽  
Palm Of The Hand ◽  
Real Hand ◽  
Virtual Body

In the rubber hand illusion, tactile stimulation seen on a rubber hand, that is synchronous with tactile stimulation felt on the hidden real hand, can lead to an illusion of ownership over the rubber hand. This illusion has been shown to produce a temperature decrease in the hidden hand, suggesting that such illusory ownership produces disownership of the real hand. Here, we apply immersive virtual reality (VR) to experimentally investigate this with respect to sensitivity to temperature change. Forty participants experienced immersion in a VR with a virtual body (VB) seen from a first-person perspective. For half the participants, the VB was consistent in posture and movement with their own body, and in the other half, there was inconsistency. Temperature sensitivity on the palm of the hand was measured before and during the virtual experience. The results show that temperature sensitivity decreased in the consistent compared with the inconsistent condition. Moreover, the change in sensitivity was significantly correlated with the subjective illusion of virtual arm ownership but modulated by the illusion of ownership over the full VB. This suggests that a full body ownership illusion results in a unification of the virtual and real bodies into one overall entity—with proprioception and tactile sensations on the real body integrated with the visual presence of the VB. The results are interpreted in the framework of a ‘body matrix’ recently introduced into the literature.

scholarly journals The Territory of my Body: Testosterone Prevents Limb Cooling in the Rubber Hand Illusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donné van der Westhuizen ◽  
Teneille Page ◽  
Mark Solms ◽  
Jack van Honk
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Body Representations ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Proprioceptive Drift

Abstract The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) is an experimental paradigm for assessing changes in body ownership. Recent findings in the field suggest that social emotions can influence such changes and that empathic motivation in particular appears to positively predict the malleability of body representations. Since the steroid hormone, testosterone, is well known to interrupt certain forms of empathic processing, in the current study we investigated whether 0.5 mg of testosterone affected ownership indices of the RHI. Forty-nine females participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment in which the RHI was induced. Compared to placebo, testosterone had no effects on the alteration of subjective ownership over the rubber limb or on subjective sense of proprioceptive drift. However, unlike the placebo group, testosterone-treated participants did not display an objective decline in the temperature of their own (hidden) hand following induction of the illusion. These findings suggest that testosterone strengthens implicit but not explicit bodily self-representations. We propose that effective maintenance of implicit body boundaries can be regarded, conceptually, as a primary defensive state facilitating integrity of the self.

No consistent cooling of the real hand in the rubber hand illusion

2017 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 68-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyanne M. de Haan ◽  
Haike E. Van Stralen ◽  
Miranda Smit ◽  
Anouk Keizer ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Hand

scholarly journals Tactile information counteracts the attenuation of rubber hand illusion attributable to increased visuo-proprioceptive divergence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244594
Author(s):  
Piotr Litwin ◽  
Beata Zybura ◽  
Paweł Motyka
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Tactile Information ◽  
The Real ◽  
Position Discrimination

Sense of body ownership is an immediate and distinct experience of one’s body as belonging to oneself. While it is well-recognized that ownership feelings emerge from the integration of visual and somatosensory signals, the principles upon which they are integrated are still intensely debated. Here, we used the rubber hand illusion (RHI) to examine how the interplay of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive signals is governed depending on their spatiotemporal properties. For this purpose, the RHI was elicited in different conditions varying with respect to the extent of visuo-proprioceptive divergence (i.e., the distance between the real and fake hands) and differing in terms of the availability and spatiotemporal complexity of tactile stimulation (none, simple, or complex). We expected that the attenuating effect of distance on illusion strength will be more pronounced in the absence of touch (when proprioception gains relatively higher importance) and absent in the presence of complex tactile signals. Additionally, we hypothesized that participants with greater proprioceptive acuity—assessed using an elbow joint position discrimination task—will be less susceptible to the illusion, but only under the conditions of limited tactile stimulation. In line with our prediction, RHI was attenuated at the farthest distance only when tactile information was absent or simplified, but the attenuation was effectively prevented by the use of complex tactile stimulation—in this case, RHI was comparably vivid at both distances. However, passive proprioceptive acuity was not related to RHI strength in either of the conditions. The results indicate that complex-structured tactile signals can override the influence of proprioceptive signals in body attribution processes. These findings extend our understanding of body ownership by showing that it is primarily determined by informative cues from the most relevant sensory domains, rather than mere accumulation of multisensory evidence.

INTERCONNECTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS FOR THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
N. N. ILYSHEVA ◽  
◽  
E. V. KARANINA ◽  
G. P. LEDKOV ◽  
E. V. BALDESKU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
The North ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the problem of achieving sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between the components of sustainable development, taking into account the involvement of indigenous peoples in nature conservation. Climate change makes achieving sustainable development more difficult. Indigenous peoples are the first to feel the effects of climate change and play an important role in the environmental monitoring of their places of residence. The natural environment is the basis of life for indigenous peoples, and biological resources are the main source of food security. In the future, the importance of bioresources will increase, which is why economic development cannot be considered independently. It is assumed that the components of resilience are interrelated and influence each other. To identify this relationship, a model for the correlation of sustainable development components was developed. The model is based on the methods of correlation analysis and allows to determine the tightness of the relationship between economic development and its ecological footprint in the face of climate change. The correlation model was tested on the statistical materials of state reports on the environmental situation in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The approbation revealed a strong positive relationship between two components of sustainable development of the region: economy and ecology.

Career Plateau and Turnover Intention in Chinese Employees: Career Anchor as Moderator

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueran Wen ◽  
Liu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Career Anchor ◽  
Career Plateau ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Based on a survey of 147 Chinese employees, we examined the relationship between perceived career plateau and turnover intention, and the moderating role of career anchor in challenge in this process. We hypothesized that perceived career plateau would be positively related to turnover intention, and that this relationship would be stronger in employees with a higher level of career anchor in challenge than in those with a lower level. The results showed that perceived career plateau had a strong positive relationship with turnover intention, especially in employees with a high level of career anchor in challenge. These findings have implications for research in career development and turnover intention, as well as in management practices.

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