scholarly journals Pathogen-Induced Expression of OsDHODH1 Suggests Positive Regulation of Basal Defense Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Nkulu Kabange Rolly ◽  
Qari Muhammad Imran ◽  
Hyun-Ho Kim ◽  
Nay Chi Aye ◽  
Adil Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Inducible Genes

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), a vascular disease caused by Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), induces a significant reduction in rice yield in severe epidemics. This study investigated the transcriptional regulation of the OsDHODH1 gene in rice cultivars exposed to the Xoo K3 isolate. The symptoms were monitored on a daily basis, and the lesion length of inoculated rice plants was scored 21 days post inoculation (dpi). The most resistant and the highly susceptible cultivars were used for gene expression analysis. The dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) domain is shared by many proteins in different plant species, and in Arabidopsis, this protein is encoded by the AtPYD1 gene. To investigate the functional role of the OsDHODH1 gene under bacterial infection, we inoculated the Arabidopsispyd1-2 knockout (atpyd1-2) plants, lacking the AtPYD1 gene (orthologous gene of the rice OsDHODH1), with Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 vir, and the phenotypic response was scored 9 dpi. Results show that OsDHODH1 was upregulated in Tunnae, the most resistant rice cultivar but downregulated in IRAT112, the highly susceptible rice cultivar. In addition, Tunnae, Sipi and NERICA-L14 exhibited a durable resistance phenotype towards Xoo K3 isolate 21 dpi. Moreover, the expression of OsPR1a and OsPR10b (the rice pathogenesis inducible genes) was significantly upregulated in Tunnae, while being suppressed in IRAT112. Furthermore, the atpyd1-2 plants exhibited a high susceptibility towards Pst DC3000 vir. AtPR1 and AtPR2 (the Arabidopsis pathogenesis inducible genes) transcripts decreased in the atpyd1-2 plants compared to Col-0 (wild type) plants. Due to the above, OsDHODH1 and AtPYD1 are suggested to be involved in the basal adaptive response mechanisms towards bacterial pathogen resistance in plants.

scholarly journals The Role of a Host-Induced Arginase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Promoting Virulence on Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 1869-1877
Author(s):  
Yuqiang Zhang ◽  
Guichun Wu ◽  
Ian Palmer ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Guoliang Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Bacterial Blight Of Rice

The plant bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight of rice, which is one of the most destructive rice diseases prevalent in Asia and parts of Africa. Despite many years of research, how X. oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight of rice is still not completely understood. Here, we show that the loss of the rocF gene caused a significant decrease in the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in the susceptible rice cultivar IR24. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that rocF encodes arginase. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot assays revealed that rocF expression was significantly induced by rice and arginine. The rocF deletion mutant strain showed elevated sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, reduced extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, and reduced biofilm formation, all of which are important determinants for the full virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, compared with the wild-type strain. Taken together, the results of this study revealed a mechanism by which a bacterial arginase is required for the full virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae on rice because of its contribution to tolerance to reactive oxygen species, EPS production, and biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Heterologous Expression of the Grapevine JAZ7 Gene in Arabidopsis Confers Enhanced Resistance to Powdery Mildew but Not to Botrytis cinerea

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hanif ◽  
Mati Rahman ◽  
Min Gao ◽  
Jinhua Yang ◽  
Bilal Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterologous Expression ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Resistance Function ◽  
Wild Grapevine ◽  
Golovinomyces Cichoracearum ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Inducible Genes

Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) family proteins comprise a class of transcriptional repressors that silence jasmonate-inducible genes. Although a considerable amount of research has been carried out on this gene family, there is still very little information available on the role of specific JAZ gene members in multiple pathogen resistance, especially in non-model species. In this study, we investigated the potential resistance function of the VqJAZ7 gene from a disease-resistant wild grapevine, Vitis quinquangularis cv. “Shang-24”, through heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. VqJAZ7-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis were challenged with three pathogens: the biotrophic fungus Golovinomyces cichoracearum, necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, and semi-biotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. We found that plants expressing VqJAZ7 showed greatly reduced disease symptoms for G. cichoracearum, but not for B. cinerea or P. syringae. In response to G cichoracearum infection, VqJAZ7-expressing transgenic lines exhibited markedly higher levels of cell death, superoxide anions (O2¯, and H2O2 accumulation, relative to nontransgenic control plants. Moreover, we also tested the relative expression of defense-related genes to comprehend the possible induced pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that VqJAZ7 in grapevine participates in molecular pathways of resistance to G. cichoracearum, but not to B. cinerea or P. syringae.

Protection of waterborne pathogens by higher organisms in drinking water: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Bichai ◽  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Benoit Barbeau
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
The Impact

Higher organisms are ubiquitous in surface waters, and some species can proliferate in granular filters of water treatment plants and colonize distribution systems. Meanwhile, some waterborne pathogens are known to maintain viability inside amoebae or nematodes. The well-documented case of Legionella replication within amoebae is only one example of a bacterial pathogen that can be amplified inside the vacuoles of protozoa and then benefit from the protection of a resistant structure that favours its transport and persistence through water systems. Yet the role of most zooplankton organisms (rotifers, copepods, cladocerans) in pathogen transmission through drinking water remains poorly understood, since their capacity to digest waterborne pathogens has not been well characterized to date. This review aims at (i) evaluating the scientific observations of diverse associations between superior organisms and pathogenic microorganisms in a drinking water perspective and (ii) identifying the missing data that impede the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships that would permit a better appreciation of the sanitary risk arising from such associations. Additional studies are needed to (i) document the occurrence of invertebrate-associated pathogens in relevant field conditions, such as distribution systems; (ii) assess the fate of microorganisms ingested by higher organisms in terms of viability and (or) infectivity; and (iii) study the impact of internalization by zooplankton on pathogen resistance to water disinfection processes, including advanced treatments such as UV disinfection.

scholarly journals Supranational Assessment of the Quality of Probiotics: Collaborative Initiative between Independent Accredited Testing Laboratories

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Jean-Pol Warzée ◽  
Marina Elli ◽  
Abdoulaye Fall ◽  
Daniela Cattivelli ◽  
Jean-Yves François
Keyword(s):  
Daily Basis ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Quality Label ◽  
Accredited Laboratories ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
The Eu

Recent acquisitions about the role of the microbiota in the functioning of the human body make it possible to envisage an increasing use of beneficial microbes, and more particularly of probiotics as well as their metabolites, as nutritional supplements. National and EU authorities are engaged in assuring the safety and quality of food supplements and in defining rules to assess and communicate their efficacy on human health. The quality of probiotics, intended as strains’ identification, viability, and stability over time, is a crucial factor of credibility with consumers and health professionals. Analytical technologies for the quality control of probiotics must also be adapted to new preparations, such as those including new multistrains complex combinations. Accredited laboratories face this relevant challenge on a daily basis. Through its close collaboration with the laboratory commissioned to produce the specifications for its ESLP quality label (identification and quantitative analyses) together with its scientific committee, the ESLP has been focusing on this issue for 10 years. Recently, as part of the internationalization of the ESLP quality label, a new and unique initiative in Europe for the evaluation of the quality of probiotic preparations has been carried out. The collaboration between two accredited laboratories in Belgium and in Italy represented a concrete example of supranational collaboration in the assessment of the quality of probiotic preparations. Results show that both laboratories are in line as expected in terms of performance. Common approaches to the qualitative assessment of probiotic preparations, especially for complex and composite recipes, in terms of number of strains and included substances, should be encouraged and promoted all over the EU.

scholarly journals The HIF target MAFF promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through IL11 and STAT3 signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eui Jung Moon ◽  
Stephano S. Mello ◽  
Caiyun G. Li ◽  
Jen-Tsan Chi ◽  
Kaushik Thakkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumor Invasion ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Stat3 Signaling ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
Transcriptional Target

AbstractHypoxia plays a critical role in tumor progression including invasion and metastasis. To determine critical genes regulated by hypoxia that promote invasion and metastasis, we screen fifty hypoxia inducible genes for their effects on invasion. In this study, we identify v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F (MAFF) as a potent regulator of tumor invasion without affecting cell viability. MAFF expression is elevated in metastatic breast cancer patients and is specifically correlated with hypoxic tumors. Combined ChIP- and RNA-sequencing identifies IL11 as a direct transcriptional target of the heterodimer between MAFF and BACH1, which leads to activation of STAT3 signaling. Inhibition of IL11 results in similar levels of metastatic suppression as inhibition of MAFF. This study demonstrates the oncogenic role of MAFF as an activator of the IL11/STAT3 pathways in breast cancer.

scholarly journals The Abstruse Side of Type I Interferon Immunotherapy for COVID-19 Cases with Comorbidities

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Selvakumar Subbian
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Type I Interferon ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Type I ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Inducible Genes

The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claimed 1.2 million people globally since December 2019. Although the host factors underpinning COVID-19 pathology are not fully understood, type I interferon (IFN-I) response is considered crucial for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Perturbations in IFN-I signaling and associated interferon-inducible genes (ISG) are among the primary disease severity indicators in COVID-19. Consequently, IFN-I therapy, either alone or in- combination with existing antiviral or anti-inflammatory drugs, is tested in many ongoing clinical trials to reduce COVID-19 mortality. Since signaling by the IFN-I family of molecules regulates host immune response to other infectious and non-infectious diseases, any imbalance in this family of cytokines would impact the clinical outcome of COVID-19, as well as other co-existing diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the beneficial-versus-detrimental effects of IFN-I immunotherapy for COVID-19 patients with divergent disease severity and other co-existing conditions. This review article summarizes the role of IFN-I signaling in infectious and non-infectious diseases of humans. It highlights the precautionary measures to be considered before administering IFN-I to COVID-19 patients having other co-existing disorders. Finally, suggestions are proposed to improve IFN-I immunotherapy to COVID-19.

The Role of Individual and Dyadic Planning in Couples’ Daily Goal Pursuits

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722199763
Author(s):  
Ophir Katzenelenbogen ◽  
Nina Knoll ◽  
Gertraud Stadler ◽  
Eran Bar-Kalifa
Keyword(s):  
Daily Basis ◽  
Goal Achievement ◽  
Daily Diaries ◽  
Goal Progress ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Individual Planning ◽  
Goal Pursuits ◽  
Complementary Strategy

Planning promotes progress toward goal achievement in a wide range of domains. To date, planning has mostly been studied as an individual process. In couples, however, the partner is likely to play an important role in planning. This study tested the effects of individual and dyadic planning on goal progress and goal-related actions. Two samples of couples ( N = 76 and N = 87) completed daily diaries over a period of 28 and 21 days. The results indicate that individual and dyadic planning fluctuate on a daily basis and support the idea that dyadic planning is predominantly used as a complementary strategy to individual planning. As expected, individual and dyadic planning were positively associated with higher levels of action control and goal progress. In Sample 2, dyadic planning was only associated with goal progress on days in which individuals felt that they were dependent upon their partners’ behaviors to achieve their goals.

scholarly journals Morpholino-Mediated Knockdown of ERα, ERβa, and ERβb mRNAs in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos Reveals Differential Regulation of Estrogen-Inducible Genes

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (11) ◽  
pp. 4158-4169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucinda B. Griffin ◽  
Kathleen E. January ◽  
Karen W. Ho ◽  
Kellie A. Cotter ◽  
Gloria V. Callard
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Estrogen Action ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Aromatase ◽  
Retained Intron ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
Hepatic Genes ◽  
Danio Rerio Embryos

Genetically distinct estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes (ERα and ERβ) play a major role in mediating estrogen actions in vertebrates, but their unique and overlapping functions are not entirely clear. Although mammals have 1 gene of each subtype (ESR1 and ESR2), teleost fish have a single esr1 (ERα) and 2 esr2 (ERβa and ERβb) genes. To determine the in vivo role of different ER isoforms in regulating estrogen-inducible transcription targets, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were microinjected with esr-specific morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides to disrupt splicing of the exon III/intron III junction in the DNA-binding domain. Each MO knocked down its respective normal transcript and increased production of variants with a retained intron III (esr1 MO) or a deleted or mis-spliced exon III (esr2a and esr2b MOs). Both esr1 and esr2b MOs blocked estradiol induction of vitellogenin and ERα mRNAs, predominant hepatic genes, but esr2b was the only MO that blocked induction of cytochrome P450 aromatase B mRNA, a predominant brain gene. Knockdown of ERβa with the esr2a MO had no effect on estrogen induction of the 3 mRNAs but, when coinjected with esr1 MO, attenuated the effect of ERα knockdown. Results indicate that ERα and ERβb, acting separately or cooperatively on specific gene targets, are positive transcriptional regulators of estrogen action, but the role of ERβa, if any, is unclear. We conclude that MO technology in zebrafish embryos is an advantageous approach for investigating the interplay of ER subtypes in a true physiological context.

Ethical and Social Issues in Medicine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Springer Loewy ◽  
Erich H. Loewy ◽  
Faith T. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Health Care Ethics ◽  
Good Medicine ◽  
Personal Morality ◽  
Online Access

So rapidly has the field of health care ethics continued to grow that, when recently “googled,” the term produced 28.2 million hits. The challenge is to address the ethical and social issues in medicine in this very limited article space. It remains an impossible task to present more than a superficial discussion of these complex issues and the complicated cases in which they are to be found. Like good medicine, good ethics cannot be practiced by algorithm. The authors have opted to provide an operational guide to help clinicians sort through the ethical and social quandaries they must face on a daily basis. To that end, the authors have chosen to divide this chapter into the following sections: 1. A brief description of the biopsychosocial nature of ethics and how it differs from personal morality 2. A method for identifying and dealing with ethical issues 3. A discussion of the role of bioethicists and ethics committees 4. The professional fiduciary role of clinicians 5. Listings of some of the common key bioethical and legal terms (online access only) 6. A very brief discussion of the terms cited in the above listings (online access only) This reviews contains 4 tables, 8 references, 1 appendix, and 20 additional readings. Keywords: Ethical, social, right, wrong, good, bad, obligation, moral authority, critically reflective, and multiperspectival activity, Curiosity, Honesty, Patience, Open-mindedness

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