scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Root-Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) and Crown Rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum) on Diverse Cereal Cultivars in a Conservation Farming System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
John P. Thompson ◽  
Timothy G. Clewett
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Conservation Farming ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
The Impact

In two experiments on a farm practicing conservation agriculture, the grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was significantly (p < 0.001) negatively related to the post-harvest population densities of Pratylenchus thornei in the soil profile to 45 cm depth. In a third and fourth experiment with different rotations, methyl bromide fumigation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased (a) a low initial population density of P. thornei in the soil profile to 90 cm depth and (b) a high initial population of P. thornei to 45 cm depth, and a medium level of the crown rot fungus, Fusarium pseudograminearum, at 0–15 cm depth to a low level. For a range of wheat and durum cultivars, grain yield and response to fumigation were highly significantly (p < 0.001) related to (a) the P. thornei tolerance index of the cultivars in the third experiment, and (b) to both the P. thornei tolerance index and the crown rot resistance index in the fourth experiment. In the latter, grain yield was significantly (p < 0.001) positively related to biomass at anthesis and negatively related to percentage whiteheads at grain fill growth stage. One barley cultivar was more tolerant to both diseases than the wheat and durum cultivars. Crop rotation, utilizing crop cultivars resistant and tolerant to both P. thornei and F. pseudograminearum, is key to success for conservation farming in this region.

Response of durum wheat to different levels of zinc and Fusarium pseudograminearum

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin S. Al-Fahdawi ◽  
Jason A. Able ◽  
Margaret Evans ◽  
Amanda J. Able
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Efficiency ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Zn Concentration

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) is susceptible to Fusarium pseudograminearum and sensitive to zinc (Zn) deficiency in Australian soils. However, little is known about the interaction between these two potentially yield-limiting factors, especially for Australian durum varieties. The critical Zn concentration (concentration of Zn in the plant when there is a 10% reduction in yield) and degree of susceptibility to F. pseudograminearum was therefore determined for five Australian durum varieties (Yawa, Hyperno, Tjilkuri, WID802, UAD1153303). Critical Zn concentration averaged 24.6 mg kg–1 for all durum varieties but differed for the individual varieties (mg kg–1: Yawa, 21.7; Hyperno, 22.7; Tjilkuri, 24.1; WID802, 24.8; UAD1153303, 28.7). Zinc efficiency also varied amongst genotypes (39–52%). However, Zn utilisation was similar amongst genotypes under Zn-deficient or Zn-sufficient conditions (0.51–0.59 and 0.017–0.022 g DM μg–1 Zn, respectively). All varieties were susceptible to F. pseudograminearum but the development of symptoms and detrimental effect on shoot biomass and grain yield were significantly greater in Tjilkuri. Even though crown rot symptoms may still be present, the supply of adequate Zn in the soil helped to maintain biomass and grain yield in all durum varieties. However, the extent to which durum varieties were protected from plant growth penalties due to crown rot by Zn treatment was genotype-dependent.

The impact of stubble management on the incidence of crown rot of wheat

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Summerell ◽  
LW Burgess ◽  
TA Klein
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stubble Burning

The influence of 3 stubble management practices, stubble retention, stubble incorporation and stubble burning, on the incidence of crown rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe Group 1, and on plant development and grain yield was examined. The incidence of disease (percentage plants affected) was assessed in a susceptible (cv. Sunstar) and moderately resistant cultivar (cv. Suneca) in 1986. In 1987 Sunstar was planted into stubble of the 2 cultivars to assess the influence of host resistance on disease carryover. Crown rot was highest in the stubble retention plots (81% incidence in 1986 and 59% in 1987), whereas stubble burning decreased disease incidence in both years, with the reduction being greater in the second year (47% and 16%). Stubble incorporation was ineffective in reducing disease levels (76% and 53% in years 1 and 2). The incidence of crown rot did not differ in the 2 cultivars. At the harvest sampling in 1987 there were no differences in crown rot incidence in plants sown into stubble of the 2 cultivars. Grain yield did not differ significantly between treatments, but early season plant dry weight was reduced in the retained plots. Grain protein levels were reduced (P< 0.05) in the stubble burnt plots.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics Between Fusarium pseudograminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana in Wheat Stems Using Real-Time qPCR

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1089-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto A. Moya-Elizondo ◽  
Barry J. Jacobsen ◽  
Andrew C. Hogg ◽  
Alan T. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Wheat Development ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Fusarium pseudograminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana are causal agents of Fusarium crown rot and common root rot, respectively, of wheat and cause significant losses worldwide. Understanding the population dynamics between these two pathogens at late stages of wheat development is needed. The effect of F. pseudograminearum and B. sorokiniana inocula applied singly or in mixtures at seeding to spring wheat ‘Hank’ was measured using seedling stand, grain yield, and pathogen populations in the first internode at heading, milk, and harvest stage of wheat development using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. High and low rates of F. pseudograminearum inoculum reduced B. sorokiniana populations in field trials but B. sorokiniana inoculations did not affect F. pseudograminearum populations. Populations of both pathogens increased from heading until harvest, with F. pseudograminearum colonizing lower internodes earlier than B. sorokiniana. Neither pathogen prevented infection by the other in the first internode of wheat stems. Inoculations increased incidence of infection and co-infection relative to natural settings observed for both pathogens. At the seedling stage, both fungi, individually or combined, reduced the seedling stands when compared with a noninoculated control for the three location–years. Grain yield and F. pseudograminearum populations were inversely correlated, while B. sorokiniana populations were not correlated with yield.

Effect of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera filipjevi, on wheat in microplot trials

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Nicol ◽  
Zahra Tanha Maafi ◽  
Abolfazl Hajihasani ◽  
Saeed Rezaee
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Aerial Shoot ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons, are considered to be the most economically important species of cyst-forming nematodes on wheat. Two trials were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to determine the impact of different initial population levels of H. filipjevi (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) (g soil)−1) on wheat cv. Sardari in microplots under natural field conditions in Iran. The results showed that increasing the initial populations of H. filipjevi significantly reduced several growth parameters of wheat (plant height, root dry weight, aerial shoot dry weight and grain yield) compared with the untreated controls. The final population of H. filipjevi increased with increasing initial population, while the reproduction factor (Rf) declined as the initial population increased but was greater than 1 in all treatments. Regression analysis showed a significant negative relationship between the initial populations and grain yield. The modelling clearly demonstrated that H. filipjevi is economically important on winter wheat in Iran. Grain yield loss was demonstrated even at the lowest population density and reached a maximum loss of 48% with an initial population density of 20 eggs and J2 (g soil)−1. The aerial shoot yield loss was as great as 40% in both years.

scholarly journals Impacts of Root-Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) on Plant Nutrition, Biomass, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Susceptible/Intolerant Wheat Cultivars Determined by Nematicide Applications

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
John P. Thompson ◽  
Timothy G. Clewett
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
The Impact

Field experiments testing rates of various nematicides, with and without NPZn fertiliser, were analysed to investigate how root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) affects growth and yield components of susceptible/intolerant wheat cultivars in a subtropical environment. Plant response to nematode attack was assessed by regression and principal components analyses of various plant parameters at different crop development stages, in relation to different nematode population densities in the roots and root-zone soil. Reduction in P. thornei population densities by nematicides resulted in increased numbers of tillers, plant biomass, N and P concentrations and uptakes, numbers of spikes and kernels, and grain yield. Grain yield was strongly correlated with number of kernels, biomass and number of spikes, and negatively correlated with number of P. thornei in the root-zone soil at stem elongation. This study showed that P. thornei damage to roots decreased wheat yield through limiting N and P concentrations and uptakes in plant tops causing poor growth that commenced early and continued through the life of the crop. Genetic, environmental and management factors that reduce population densities of P. thornei, and decrease the impact of the nematodes starting in early crop growth, will greatly increase spike and kernel numbers and grain yield.

scholarly journals Comparing transcriptional responses to Fusarium crown rot in wheat and barley identified an important relationship between disease resistance and drought tolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Su ◽  
J. J. Powell ◽  
S. Gao ◽  
M. Zhou ◽  
C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is a chronic disease in cereal production worldwide. The impact of this disease is highly environmentally dependant and significant yield losses occur mainly in drought-affected crops. Results In the study reported here, we evaluated possible relationships between genes conferring FCR resistance and drought tolerance using two approaches. The first approach studied FCR induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) targeting two barley and one wheat loci against a panel of genes curated from the literature based on known functions in drought tolerance. Of the 149 curated genes, 61.0% were responsive to FCR infection across the three loci. The second approach was a comparison of the global DEGs induced by FCR infection with the global transcriptomic responses under drought in wheat. This analysis found that approximately 48.0% of the DEGs detected one week following drought treatment and 74.4% of the DEGs detected three weeks following drought treatment were also differentially expressed between the susceptible and resistant isolines under FCR infection at one or more timepoints. As for the results from the first approach, the vast majority of common DEGs were downregulated under drought and expressed more highly in the resistant isoline than the sensitive isoline under FCR infection. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that the resistant isoline in wheat was experiencing less drought stress, which could contribute to the stronger defence response than the sensitive isoline. However, most of the genes induced by drought stress in barley were more highly expressed in the susceptible isolines than the resistant isolines under infection, indicating that genes conferring drought tolerance and FCR resistance may interact differently between these two crop species. Nevertheless, the strong relationship between FCR resistance and drought responsiveness provides further evidence indicating the possibility to enhance FCR resistance by manipulating genes conferring drought tolerance.

scholarly journals The impact of cultivar resistance and fungicide treatment on mycotoxin content in grain and yield losses caused by Fusarium head blight in wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Šíp ◽  
J. Chrpová ◽  
O. Veškrna ◽  
L. Bobková
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Reactions to artificial infection with Fusarium graminearum isolates and a new fungicide Swing Top were studied in nine winter wheat cultivars evaluated in field experiments at two sites for three years for expression of symptoms, deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain and grain yield. The results demonstrate a pronounced and relatively stable effect of cultivar resistance on reducing head blight, grain yield losses and contamination of grain by the mycotoxin DON. It is advantageous that the moderate level of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) was detected also in two commonly grown Czech cultivars Sakura and Simila. Average fungicide efficacy for DON was 49.5% and 63.9% for a reduction in yield loss, however, it was found highly variable in different years and sites. The joint effect of cultivar resistance and fungicide treatment was 86.5% for DON and even 95.4% for reducing the yield loss. A very high risk was documented for susceptible cultivars and also the effects of medium responsive cultivars were found to be highly variable in different environments and therefore not guaranteeing sufficient protection against FHB under different conditions.

Assessing the impact of agricultural field traffic on corn grain yield using remote sensing and machine learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 104880
Author(s):  
Sami Khanal ◽  
Andrew Klopfenstein ◽  
Kushal KC ◽  
Venkatesh Ramarao ◽  
John Fulton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grain Yield

scholarly journals Colonization of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) Culms Exhibiting Premature Senescence (Dead Heads) Associated with Fusarium pseudograminearum Crown Rot

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1788-1794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel L. Knight ◽  
Bethany Macdonald ◽  
Mark W. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Significant Disease

Fusarium crown rot is a significant disease of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), which exhibits high levels of disease susceptibility. The most extreme symptom of crown rot is a prematurely senescing culm that typically fails to set grain. Individual crown rot-affected durum wheat plants displaying both nonsenescent and prematurely senescent culms were harvested to compare visual discoloration, Fusarium pseudograminearum biomass, and vascular colonization in culm sections sampled at three different heights above the crown. Field samples of EGA Bellaroi were collected at Wellcamp, QLD, in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, and of Hyperno at Narrabri, NSW, in 2014. Prematurely senescent culms exhibited greater visual discoloration, F. pseudograminearum biomass, and vascular colonization than nonsenescent culms in each year they were examined. The extent of these differences varied between environments and timing of collection in each year. Vascular colonization initially occurred in xylem vessels and spread into phloem tissues as disease severity increased. The increased presence of hyphae in vascular bundles of prematurely senescing culms provides strong evidence for the hypothesis that restriction of water and nutrient movement in a diseased culm is a key factor in crown rot severity.

Genetic diversity of Australian Fusarium pseudograminearum populations causing crown rot in wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Khudhair ◽  
F. Obanor ◽  
K. Kazan ◽  
D. M. Gardiner ◽  
E. Aitken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum
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