scholarly journals Chronic Wasting Due to Liver and Rumen Flukes in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kahl ◽  
Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna ◽  
Jürgen Krücken ◽  
Martin Ganter
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Juvenile Worm ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Common Liver Fluke

Grazing sheep and goats are constantly exposed to helminth infections in many parts of the world, including several trematode species that causes a range of clinical diseases. The clinical picture of flukes is dependent upon the organs in which they develop and the tissues they damage within the respective organs. Accordingly, infections with the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which, as juvenile worm migrates through the liver parenchyma for several weeks, may be associated with hepatic disorders such as impairment of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, followed by chronic wasting. In contrast, the lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which does not exhibit tissue migration and thus does not lead to major tissue damage and bleeding, also does not lead to significant clinical symptoms. Rumen flukes such as Cotylophoron daubneyi cause catarrhal inflammation during their migration through the intestinal and abomasal epithelium during its juvenile stages. Depending on the infection intensity this may result in a range of clinical symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence or emaciation. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on flukes particularly concerning the clinical relevance of the most important fluke species in sheep.

scholarly journals A Case of Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata in Newborn

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalan Karabayır ◽  
Gonca Keskindemirci ◽  
Erdal Adal ◽  
Orhan Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chondrodysplasia Punctata ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata ◽  
Cervical Spinal Stenosis ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Severe Growth

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctate (RCDP) is a rare autosomal recessive peroxisomal disease. The main features of the disease are shortening of the proximal long bones, punctate calcifications located in the epiphyses of long bones and in soft tissues around joints and vertebral column, vertebral clefting, dysmorphic face, and severe growth retardation, whereas cervical spinal stenosis may also rarely be present. Imaging of the brain and spinal cord in patients with this disorder may aid prognosis and guide management decisions. We report the newborn diagnosed as CDP with cervical stenosis. Our aim is to discuss current knowledge on etiopathogenesis as well as radiological and clinical symptoms of diseases associated with CDP.

scholarly journals CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (24) ◽  
pp. 1092-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Konno ◽  
Koji Kasanuki ◽  
Takeshi Ikeuchi ◽  
Dennis W. Dickson ◽  
Zbigniew K. Wszolek
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Extrapyramidal Signs ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Since the discovery of CSF1R gene mutations in families with hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids in 2012, more than 70 different mutations have been identified around the world. Through the analyses of mutation carriers, CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy has been distinctly characterized clinically, radiologically, and pathologically. Typically, patients present with frontotemporal dementia-like phenotype in their 40s–50s, accompanied by motor symptoms, including pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs. Women tend to develop the clinical symptoms at a younger age than men. On brain imaging, in addition to white matter abnormalities, thinning of the corpus callosum, diffusion-restricted lesions in the white matter, and brain calcifications are hallmarks. Primary axonopathy followed by demyelination was suggested by pathology. Haploinsufficiency of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) is evident in a patient with a frameshift mutation, facilitating the establishment of Csf1r haploinsufficient mouse model. These mice develop clinical, radiologic, and pathologic phenotypes consistent with those of human patients with CSF1R mutations. In vitro, perturbation of CSF1R signaling is shown in cultured cells expressing mutant CSF1R. However, the underlying mechanisms by which CSF1R mutations selectively lead to white matter degeneration remains to be elucidated. Given that CSF1R mainly expresses in microglia, CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy is representative of primary microgliopathies, of which microglia have a pivotal and primary role in pathogenesis. In this review, we address the current knowledge of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy and discuss the putative pathophysiology, with a focus on microglia, as well as future research directions.

Identification of surface proteins of juvenile stages of Fasciola hepatica

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Lammas ◽  
W.P.H. Duffus ◽  
D.W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Juvenile Stages

scholarly journals Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase—A Gatekeeper of Physiological Conditions in Health and a Modulator of Biological Environments in Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1648
Author(s):  
Daniel Liedtke ◽  
Christine Hofmann ◽  
Franz Jakob ◽  
Eva Klopocki ◽  
Stephanie Graser
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Inorganic Pyrophosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mineralization Processes ◽  
Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that is best known for its role during mineralization processes in bones and skeleton. The enzyme metabolizes phosphate compounds like inorganic pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate to provide, among others, inorganic phosphate for the mineralization and transportable vitamin B6 molecules. Patients with inherited loss of function mutations in the ALPL gene and consequently altered TNAP activity are suffering from the rare metabolic disease hypophosphatasia (HPP). This systemic disease is mainly characterized by impaired bone and dental mineralization but may also be accompanied by neurological symptoms, like anxiety disorders, seizures, and depression. HPP characteristically affects all ages and shows a wide range of clinical symptoms and disease severity, which results in the classification into different clinical subtypes. This review describes the molecular function of TNAP during the mineralization of bones and teeth, further discusses the current knowledge on the enzyme’s role in the nervous system and in sensory perception. An additional focus is set on the molecular role of TNAP in health and on functional observations reported in common laboratory vertebrate disease models, like rodents and zebrafish.

Crowding effect on adult growth, pre-patent period and egg shedding of Fasciola hepatica

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. VALERO ◽  
M. DE RENZI ◽  
M. PANOVA ◽  
M. A. GARCIA-BODELON ◽  
M. V. PERIAGO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Crowding Effect ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
Adult Growth

Fascioliasis pathogenesis depends on fluke burden. In human hyperendemic zones, individual infection intensities reach very high levels and the majority of infected subjects should be in the advanced chronic phase. The rat model offers a useful approach for pathological research in the advanced chronic period. The influence of infection intensity per rat on fluke development, pre-patent period and egg shedding (eggs/g faeces/worm) was analysed in 3 groups (I: 1–3 worms/rat; II: 4–6; III: 7–9). Ontogenetic trajectories of fluke body measures followed a logistic model. Results showed that when the burden increases, the maximum values of fluke measures decrease. The crowding effect is manifest when fluke measures approximate their maximums in the advanced chronic stage. The pre-patent period and egg production decrease when the burden increases. This means that measurements of eggs per gramme of faeces tend to underestimate the fluke burden. The present study demonstrates how to quantify the fascioliasis experimental rat model crowding effect on adult growth, pre-patent period and egg production. This quantification may be of great interest in epidemiological studies and in experimental research on the in vivo actions of different anthelminthic drugs and vaccines, pathology, immunology and resistance studies.

scholarly journals Lack of efficacy of triclabendazole against Fasciola hepatica is present on sheep farms in three regions of England, and Wales

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (16) ◽  
pp. 502-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juriah Kamaludeen ◽  
John Graham-Brown ◽  
Nathalie Stephens ◽  
Josephine Miller ◽  
Alison Howell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Triclabendazole Resistance ◽  
Parasite Emergence

The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic trematode that has a major impact on livestock production and human health. Control of F hepatica is difficult and relies on anthelmintics, particularly triclabendazole, due to its efficacy against both adult and juvenile stages of the parasite. Emergence of triclabendazole-resistant F hepatica populations has been reported in a number of countries, including the UK, but the overall prevalence and distribution of triclabendazole resistance is unknown. In this study, the authors established the presence of reduced efficacy of triclabendazole in sheep flocks in England and Wales, using a validated composite faecal egg count reduction test. Seventy-four sheep farms were sampled from Wales, southwest, northwest and northeast England between Autumn 2013 and Spring 2015. F hepatica eggs were detected in samples from 42/74 farms. Evidence of a lack of efficacy of triclabendazole was detected on 21/26 farms on which the faecal egg count reduction test was completed, with faecal egg count reductions ranging from 89 per cent to 0per cent. Regression analysis suggested that both prevalence of F hepatica and lack of efficacy of triclabendazole were spatially correlated, with higher faecal egg counts and lower percentage reductions on farms located in the northwest of England, and Wales. Overall, the results show that reduced efficacy of triclabendazole is present across England and Wales, with a complete lack of therapeutic efficacy observed on 9/26 farms.

scholarly journals Similarity and Diversity in Macrophage Activation by Nematodes, Trematodes, and Cestodes

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Jenkins ◽  
Judith E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Macrophage Activation ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Macrophage Phenotype ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Alternatively Activated Macrophages ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Alternatively Activated

This review summarizes current knowledge of macrophages in helminth infections, with a focus not only on delineating the striking similarities in macrophage phenotype between diverse infections but also on highlighting the differences. Findings from many different labs illustrate that macrophages in helminth infection can act as anti-parasite effectors but can also act as powerful immune suppressors. The specific role for their alternative (Th2-mediated) activation in helminth killing or expulsion versus immune regulation remains to be determined. Meanwhile, the rapid growth in knowledge of alternatively activated macrophages will require an even more expansive view of their potential functions to include repair of host tissue and regulation of host metabolism.

scholarly journals Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) naturally infecting introduced European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in northern Patagonia: phenotype, prevalence and potential risk

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo F. Cuervo ◽  
Sophia Di Cataldo ◽  
M. Cecilia Fantozzi ◽  
Erika Deis ◽  
Gabriela Diaz Isenrath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Brown Hare ◽  
European Brown Hare ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Northern Patagonia

AbstractFascioliasis has recently been included in the WHO list of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases. Besides being a major veterinary health problem, fascioliasis has large underdeveloping effects on the human communities affected. Though scarcely considered in fascioliasis epidemiology, it is well recognized that both native and introduced wildlife species may play a significant role as reservoirs of the disease. The objectives are to study the morphological characteristics of Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs in a population of Lepus europaeus, to assess liver fluke prevalence, and to analyze the potential reservoir role of the European brown hare in northern Patagonia, Argentina, where fascioliasis is endemic. Measures of F. hepatica found in L. europaeus from northern Patagonia demonstrate that the liver fluke is able to fully develop in wild hares and to shed normal eggs through their faeces. Egg shedding to the environment is close to the lower limit obtained for pigs, a domestic animal whose epidemiological importance in endemic areas has already been highlighted. The former, combined with the high prevalence found (14.28%), suggest an even more important role in the transmission cycle than previously considered. The results obtained do not only remark the extraordinary plasticity and adaptability of this trematode species to different host species, but also highlight the role of the European brown hare, and other NIS, as reservoirs capable for parasite spillback to domestic and native cycle, representing a potentially important, but hitherto neglected, cause of disease emergence.

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