scholarly journals Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Inorganic Materials as Efficient Catalysts in Various Applications: A Minireview

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1143
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Testa ◽  
Valeria La Parola
Keyword(s):  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Catalyst Particle ◽  
Mineral Acid ◽  
Magnetic Core ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

Acid catalysis is widely used in the chemical industry, and nowadays many efforts are being focused on replacing the more common homogeneous catalysts with heterogeneous ones in order to make greener the industrial processes. In this perspective, sulfonic solid acid materials represent a valid alternative to the homogenous mineral acid in several acid catalyzed reactions. In this minireview, an overview of the recent advances on the preparation, stability and application of these materials is reported. Special attention is addressed to the sustainability of the considered processes, starting from the catalyst’s preparation, the use of green solvents and reducing the possible reaction steps. Ways to tackle the main drawback represented by easy leaching of acid groups are described. For an easy catalyst recovery, the use of a magnetic core in a catalyst particle, with the related synthetic approaches, is also illustrated. Finally, a section is dedicated to the principal characterization techniques to identify the structural properties of the catalysts.

Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Catalytically Active Species in the MoO3/SiO2Catalyst during Solid Acid Catalyzed Reactions

ChemCatChem ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1531-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trupti V. Kotbagi ◽  
Ankush V. Biradar ◽  
Shubhangi B. Umbarkar ◽  
Mohan K. Dongare
Keyword(s):  
Solid Acid ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Solvent effects in solid acid-catalyzed reactions: The case of the liquid-phase isomerization/cyclization of citronellal over SiO2-Al2O3

2020 ◽  
Vol 481 ◽  
pp. 110192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás M. Bertero ◽  
Andrés F. Trasarti ◽  
María C. Acevedo ◽  
Alberto J. Marchi ◽  
Carlos R. Apesteguía
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Following Solid-Acid-Catalyzed Reactions by MAS NMR Spectroscopy in Liquid Phase-Zeolite-Catalyzed Conversion of Cyclohexanol in Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Vjunov ◽  
Mary Y. Hu ◽  
Ju Feng ◽  
Donald M. Camaioni ◽  
Donghai Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Mas Nmr ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of 3-diazobenzofuran-2-one and its hydrolysis product (3-hydroxybenzofuran-2-one)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Y Chiang ◽  
A J Kresge ◽  
Q Meng
Keyword(s):  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Product ◽  
Diazo Compound ◽  
Acidity Function ◽  
Hydroxide Ion ◽  
Mechanism Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Rate Profile ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Rates of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3-diazobenzofuran-2-one, measured in concentrated aqueous perchloric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions, were found to correlate well with the Cox–Yates Xo excess acidity function, giving kH+ = 1.66 × 10–4 M–1 s–1, m‡ = 0.86 and kH+ /kD+ = 2.04. The normal direction (kH/kD > 1) of this isotope effect indicates that hydrolysis occurs by rate-determining protonation of the substrate on its diazo-carbon atom. It was found previously that the next higher homolog of the present substrate, 4-diazoisochroman-3-one, also undergoes hydrolysis by this reaction mechanism but with a rate constant 15 times greater than that for the present substrate; this difference in reactivity can be understood in terms of the various resonance forms that contribute to the structures of these substrates. The product of the present hydrolysis reaction is 3-hydroxybenzofuran-2-one, which itself quickly undergoes subsequent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to 2-hydroxymandelic acid. The acidity dependence of this subsequent hydrolysis is much shallower than that of the diazo compound precursor, and rates of reaction correlate as well with [H+] as with Xo. This is due in part to incursion of a nonproductive protonation on the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy benzo furan-2-one that impedes hydrolysis and produces saturation of acid catalysis. Rates of hydrolysis of the hydroxy compound were also measured in dilute HClO4 and NaOH solutions as well as in CH3CO2H, H2PO4–, (CH2OH)3CNH3+, and NH4+ buffers, and the rate profile constructed from these data showed the presence of uncatalyzed and hydroxide ion-catalyzed reactions. This hydroxide-ion catalysis became saturated at [NaOH] [Formula: see text] 0.05 M, implying occurrence of yet another nonproductive substrate ionization. Key words: diazo compound hydrolysis, lactone hydrolysis, Cox–Yates excess acidity, acid catalysis, alcohol protonation.

Following Solid-Acid-Catalyzed Reactions by MAS NMR Spectroscopy in Liquid Phase-Zeolite-Catalyzed Conversion of Cyclohexanol in Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Vjunov ◽  
Mary Y. Hu ◽  
Ju Feng ◽  
Donald M. Camaioni ◽  
Donghai Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Mas Nmr ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

The Initial Stages of Solid Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Adsorbed Propane. A Mechanistic Study by in Situ MAS NMR

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Haouas ◽  
Stéphane Walspurger ◽  
Francis Taulelle ◽  
Jean Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Solid Acid ◽  
Mas Nmr ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Photoinduced rearrangement of hydroxymethylisoxazolines, a route to enaminoaldehydes

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2167-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubor Fišera ◽  
Nadezhda D. Kozhina ◽  
Peter Oravec ◽  
Hans-Joachim Timpe ◽  
Ladislav Štibrányi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Photoinduced Rearrangement ◽  
Condensed Heterocycles

3-Aryl-4-R-carbamoyl-5-hydroxymethylisoxazolines (IV) were synthesized by allowing R-NH2 amines with R = H, CH3, C3H7, C6H5C2H5, and NH2 to act on 3-(X-phenyl)-4-oxo-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-d]isoxazoles (III) with X = H, 4-CH3, 4-OCH3, 2-OCH3, 4-Cl, 2-Cl, 4-F, 2-F, 4-Br, 4-NO2, and 3-NO2. Exposed to radiation, the substances IV give Z-2-hydroxymethylamino-2-aryl-1-formylacrylamides (V) in good yields. The 4-Cl and 4-F substituted Z-derivatives V isomerize irreversibly to the E-derivatives VI if allowed to stand in solvent; the remaining derivatives V are stable. The quantum yields of the photoreaction are from 0.012 to 0.106 in dependence on the substituent X. In all cases where the compounds IV were used for the preparation of condensed heterocycles in conditions of acid-catalyzed reactions, lactones III were preferentially formed; the action of thionyl chloride on IV results in the formation of chloromethyl derivatives VIII, which do not undergo further cyclization.

Synthetic Scope of Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds and Ethyl Diazoacetate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizzanoor Rahaman ◽  
M. Shahnawaz Ali ◽  
Khorshada Jahan ◽  
Damon Hinz ◽  
Jawad Bin Belayet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Bronsted Acid ◽  
Brønsted Acid ◽  
Ethyl Diazoacetate ◽  
Brönsted Acid ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

scholarly journals Hierarchical HZSM-5 for Catalytic Cracking of Oleic Acid to Biofuels

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Mahashanon Arumugam ◽  
Chee Keong Goh ◽  
Zulkarnain Zainal ◽  
Sugeng Triwahyono ◽  
Adam F. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Hierarchical Network ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Zeolite Seeds ◽  
20 Nm

Solid acid catalyzed cracking of waste oil-derived fatty acids is an attractive route to hydrocarbon fuels. HZSM-5 is an effective acid catalyst for fatty acid cracking; however, its microporous nature is susceptible to rapid deactivation by coking. We report the synthesis and application of hierarchical HZSM-5 (h-HZSM-5) in which silanization of pre-crystallized zeolite seeds is employed to introduce mesoporosity during the aggregation of growing crystallites. The resulting h-HZSM-5 comprises a disordered array of fused 10–20 nm crystallites and mesopores with a mean diameter of 13 nm, which maintain the high surface area and acidity of a conventional HZSM-5. Mesopores increase the yield of diesel range hydrocarbons obtained from oleic acid deoxygenation from ~20% to 65%, attributed to improved acid site accessibility within the hierarchical network.

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