scholarly journals Evaluation of Some State-Of-The-Art Wind Technologies in the Nearshore of the Black Sea

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Onea ◽  
Liliana Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Wind Resources

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the nearshore wind resources in the Black Sea area by using a high resolution wind database (ERA-Interim). A subsequent objective was to estimate what type of wind turbines and wind farm configurations would be more suitable for this coastal environment. A more comprehensive picture of these resources was provided by including some satellite measurements, which were also used to assess the wind conditions in the vicinity of some already operating European wind projects. Based on the results of the present work, it seems that the Crimea Peninsula has the best wind resources. However, considering the current geopolitical situation, it seems that the sites on the western part of this basin (Romania and Bulgaria) would represent more viable locations for developing offshore wind projects. Since there are currently no operational wind projects in this marine area, some possible configurations for the future wind farms are proposed.

scholarly journals Implementation of Offshore Wind Turbines to Reduce Air Pollution in Coastal Areas—Case Study Constanta Harbour in the Black Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Alina Beatrice Raileanu ◽  
Florin Onea ◽  
Eugen Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Current Concerns ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Wind Resources

Considering the current concerns regarding the level of air pollution from the Black Sea area, the aim of the present work is to establish whether a cold ironing project that involves the use of the wind resources from the port of Constanta (Romania) could become a reality. The regional and local wind resources measured at a height of 100 m above sea level were assessed by taking into account 20 years (2000–2019) of ERA5 wind data. The wind speed significantly increases as we move towards the offshore areas, with the wind Class C7 reporting a maximum of 41%. By combining the annual electricity production with the emissions associated with the port activities, it was possible to show that at least 385 turbines (each rated at eight MW) will be required to cover the electricity demand for this port. The present study has found it difficult to implement such a project based only on the available wind resources and has identified that more likely a mixed project that involves some other resources will be more appropriate. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the future of the ship industry is becoming greener and definitely, a wind project located near Constanta harbour will represent a viable solution in this direction.

scholarly journals Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Alina Raileanu ◽  
Florin Onea ◽  
Liliana Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wave Transformation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the present work is to estimate the influence of several hybrid wind and wave farm configurations on the wave conditions reported in the vicinity of the Saint George coastal area, in the Romanian nearshore of the Black Sea. Based on the wave data coming from a climatological database (ERA20C) and also on in situ measurements, it was possible to identify the most relevant wave patterns, which will be further considered for assessment. The numerical simulations were carried out with the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) wave model, which may provide a comprehensive picture of the wave transformation in the presence of the marine farms. Although the impact of the wind farm is not visible from the spatial maps, from the analysis of the values corresponding to the reference points, it was noticed that a maximum variation of 2% may occur for several wave parameters.

scholarly journals Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Alina Raileanu ◽  
Florin Onea ◽  
Liliana Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wave Transformation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the present work is to estimate the influence of several hybrid wind and wave farm configurations on the wave conditions reported in the vicinity of the Saint George coastal area, in the Romanian nearshore of the Black Sea. Based on the wave data coming from a climatological database (ERA20C) and also on in situ measurements, it was possible to identify the most relevant wave patterns, which will be further considered for assessment. The numerical simulations were carried out with the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) wave model, which may provide a comprehensive picture of the wave transformation in the presence of the marine farms. Although the impact of the wind farm is not visible from the spatial maps, from the analysis of the values corresponding to the reference points, it was noticed that a maximum variation of 2% may occur for several wave parameters.

scholarly journals Prediction of Power Generation by Offshore Wind Farms Using Multiple Data Sources

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Dar Yue ◽  
Che-Chih Liu ◽  
Chien-Cheng Tu ◽  
Ta-Hui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Central Weather Bureau ◽  
Wind Resources

In this study we evaluated the wind resources of wind farms in the Changhua offshore area of Taiwan. The offshore wind farm in Zone of Potential (ZoP) 26 was optimized through an economic evaluation. The annual energy production (AEP) of the offshore wind farm in ZoP 26 was predicted for 10 and 25 years with probabilities of 50%, 75%, and 90% by using measured mast data, measure-correlate-predict (MCP) data derived from Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Central Weather Bureau (CWB) data. When the distance between the turbines in a wind farm was decreased from 12D to 6D, the turbine number increased from 53 to 132, while the capacity factor decreased slightly from 48.6% to 47.6%. MCP data derived from the inland CWB station with similar levels of wind resources can be used to accurately predict the power generation of the target offshore wind farm. The use of MCP with mast data as target data, together with CWB and MERRA data as reference data, proved to be a feasible method for predicting offshore wind power generation in places where a mast is available in a neighboring area.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Florin Onea ◽  
Eugen Rusu ◽  
Liliana Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Wind Energy Potential ◽  
Economic Zone

The European offshore wind market is continuously expanding. This means that, together with significant technological developments, new coastal environments should be considered for the implementation of the wind farms, as is the case of the Black Sea, which is targeted in the present work. From this perspective, an overview of the wind energy potential in the Romanian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Black Sea is presented in this work. This is made by analyzing a total of 20 years of wind data (corresponding to the time interval 2000–2019) coming from different sources, which include ERA5 reanalysis data and satellite measurements. Furthermore, a direct comparison between these datasets was also carried out. Finally, the results of the present work indicate that the Romanian offshore areas can replicate the success reported by the onshore wind projects, of which we can mention the Fantanele-Cogealac wind farm with an operating capacity of 600 MW.

scholarly journals ОЦІНКА ІСНУЮЧИХ ЗАГРОЗ ВІТРОПАРКІВ ПІВДНЯ УКРАЇНИ ДЛЯ МІГРАЦІЙНОЇ ОРНИІТОФАУНИ

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Gorlov ◽  
V. D. Siokhin ◽  
A. V. Matsyura
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North East

<p>The article presents data on the species diversity, the number of birds, directions and altitudes of flight during the periods of seasonal migrations based on studies of 13 wind farms in the Ukrainian Azov-Black Sea region. In total 194 expedition field trips have been performed for 549 days. There are 3 wind farms in the Black Sea basin, 7 in the Sivash-Dzharylgach basin and 3 in the Azov basin. We registered 100 bird species, but they use the territory of wind farms in different ways: they always present, periodically fly or do not fly to the wind farm. A large number of wetlands located in the Azov-Black Sea region attract waterfowl bird species that dominated (79.8% of the total number in spring and 68.7% in autumn). The analysis of the birds stay at the wind farm sites shows that there were registered not more than 25% of the total number of birds recorded in the study area. The main flight directions were north-east in spring (23.7% of all flights) and south-west in autumn (29.6%). Flying birds were registered at different altitudes, but 89.5% of birds flew in the range up to 50 m above the ground in spring and 79.1% – in autumn. The threats of wind farms on birds was evaluated by integrated management assessment tolls. It was found that just few of birds (about of 1 percent) could fly at dangerous altitudes (45-155 m) over the wind farm areas and cross the wind farm barrier. This wind turbines’ impact on the birds was considered as rather insignificant. The bird deaths caused by collisions with the wind turbines were not registered.</p>

scholarly journals A Study on the Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Coastal Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Onea ◽  
Liliana Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Wind Energy Potential

At the European level, offshore wind projects are already considered a competitive market. Nevertheless, this is not yet the case of the enclosed sea basins, such as the Black Sea, where no offshore wind farm is operating at this moment. From this perspective, the objective of the present work is to identify the most suitable sites where a wind project can be developed in the Romanian coastal areas. Various parameters, such as wind speed, water depth, distance to shore, and turbine performance, are considered. A picture of the local wind characteristics is first provided considering 20 years of reanalysis data, which cover the time interval from January 1998 to December 2017. The results indicated that the best sites to implement a wind project are located in the northern sector of the Black Sea, close to the Danube Delta. It was also noticed an important variation of the wind speed between onshore and 20 km offshore, for which an increase of about 55% was estimated.

scholarly journals A war scenario in the Black Sea area. Secondary operation Dobrogea

2018 ◽  
Vol XIX (1) ◽  
pp. 578-582
Author(s):  
ZIDARU Marian
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Secondary Operation ◽  
Russian President ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Southern Ukraine ◽  
Main Operation

In the course of 2018, on the background of increasing tensions with USA on Ukraine and Siria, Russian President Vladimir Putin decide to liquidate the conflict in Ukraine by destroying Ukrainian army and invading southern part of this country. The aims of the operation, are: -Denial of Ukraine access to the Black Sea; -Getting Russia's access to Danube. -Providing Russia's access from the mainland to the Crimea; -Preventing the creation of NATO's bases in southern Ukraine. As a Secondary Direction: An attack against Dobrogea in order to distract NATO's main operation and prevent the alliance to intervene before reaching primary objective in Ukraine by Russian troops: conquering the south of Ukraine. We develop this scenario in order to show our defense weaknesses at the Black Sea area.

Performance Analysis of Coastal Wind Farms in Jiangsu, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 1858-1864
Author(s):  
Yan Hui Feng ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Ying Ning Qiu ◽  
Da Wei Su ◽  
Hai Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Shear ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Capacity Factor ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Height Range ◽  
Shear Coefficient ◽  
Wind Resources

The operational performances of coastal wind farms, located at the east coast of Jiangsu Province of China, are reported in this paper. The result shows that although a rich wind resources predicted in this area, a strong variation of wind resources characteristics are observed between wind farms. Annual averaged wind speeds of five wind farms at hub height range from 4.8 to 6.6 m/s. In addition, the wind shear coefficient shows largely different although they appear to agree with coastal region characteristics. Ru Dong not only has the highest wind shear coefficient but also a largest range of wind shear coefficient variation amplitude. The Capacity Factors of the selected wind farms range from 16% to 27%. Ru Dong shows a lowest Capacity Factor of 16% which may due to the low average wind speed and high wind shear coefficient. On the contrary, Da Feng has a lower Capacity Factor with sensible wind resources indicating either an improved wind turbine technology or an optimized wind farm operational maintenance is needed to increase wind farm efficiency. The result obtained in this paper provides valuable information for future offshore wind farm development in China.

scholarly journals Dynamic Modeling of an Offshore Floating Wind Turbine for Application in the Mediterranean Sea

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cottura ◽  
Riccardo Caradonna ◽  
Alberto Ghigo ◽  
Riccardo Novo ◽  
Giovanni Bracco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Floating Wind Turbine ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Offshore Floating Wind Turbine

Wind power is emerging as one of the most sustainable and low-cost options for energy production. Far-offshore floating wind turbines are attractive in view of exploiting high wind availability sites while minimizing environmental and landscape impact. In the last few years, some offshore floating wind farms were deployed in Northern Europe for technology validation, with very promising results. At present time, however, no offshore wind farm installations have been developed in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this work is to comprehensively model an offshore floating wind turbine and examine the behavior resulting from a wide spectrum of sea and wind states typical of the Mediterranean Sea. The flexible and accessible in-house model developed for this purpose is compared with the reference model FAST v8.16 for verifying its reliability. Then, a simulation campaign is carried out to estimate the wind turbine LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy). Based on this, the best substructure is chosen and the convenience of the investment is evaluated.

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