scholarly journals Influence of Mean Leaf Angles and Irrigation Volumes on Water Capture, Leaching, and Growth of Tropical Tree Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1198
Author(s):  
Richardson Barbosa Gomes da Silva ◽  
Mônica Moreno Gabira ◽  
Débora Zanoni do Prado ◽  
Gláucia Uesugi ◽  
Danilo Simões ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crown Projection Area ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Research Highlights: The mean leaf angle and crown projection area can be used as criteria for grouping tree seedling species in different irrigation zones in tree nurseries with overhead microsprinkler systems, preventing water and fertilizer waste, and increasing growth. Background and Objectives: There are important gaps in current functional knowledge about how plant architecture, especially the mean leaf angles of tree seedlings, affect water and nutrient solution capture in overhead microsprinkler systems. These gaps contribute to water and fertilizer waste in tree nurseries. This research aimed to ascertain how mean leaf angles affect irrigation water capture, leaching, and the growth of tree seedlings given different volumes of irrigation. Materials and Methods: Nine species of tree seedlings with different mean leaf angles were submitted to four irrigation volumes (8, 10, 12, and 14 mm) applied daily by overhead microsprinklers in a split-plot design completely randomized. The variables leaching fraction, height, stem diameter, shoot, root, and total dry mass, Dickson quality index, crown projection area, root system quality, and leachate electrical conductivity were evaluated. Results: For species with mean leaf angles of −54, 31, 38, 42, 55, 57, and 58°, the 8 mm irrigation volume was sufficient to produce greater growth and less leaching. For species with angles of −56 and −14°, the 14 mm irrigation volume was required to produce greater growth. Conclusions: The tree seedling species with positive mean leaf angles facilitate irrigation water and nutrient solution capture, allowing the application of lower irrigation volume. On the other hand, some tree seedling species with negative mean leaf angles hinder irrigation water and nutrient solution capture, requiring the application of higher irrigation volume. When the tree seedling species have a negative mean leaf angle, but the crown projection area is small, the difficulty of water and nutrient solution reaches directly the substrate is attenuated.

TRIPLOID APPLE VARIETIES OF SUMMER RIPENING SELECTION VNIISPK ON CLONAL ROOTSTOCK 54-118

1970 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
А. M. Galasheva ◽  
Е. N. Sedov
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
The World ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Crown Projection Area ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the world and in Russia, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, breeder Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov created a series of triploid apple cultivars from intervalent crosses 2х × 4х. Triploid apple cultivars bear fruit more regularly, have higher self-fruitfulness and have fruits of high marketability. The article presents data on the study of triploid apple cultivars of the summer ripening period of the VNIISPK breeding - Augusta, Daryona, Maslovskoye, Osipovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas as well as the control Canadian cultivar Melba on a semi-dwarf clone rootstock 54-118. Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas have immunity to scab. The orchard was planted in 2014, the garden planting scheme was 5 x 2 m. The indicators of the growth force (tree height, crown width and stem diameter) and the yield of trees were studied. At the age of six, the trees of triploid cultivars reached a height of 2.2 m (Maslovskoye) to 3.0 m (Yablochny Spas) on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The highest indicators of crown volume (3.3-5.3 m3), crown projection area (4.2-5.3 m2) and the cross-sectional area of the stem (46.5-52.8 cm2) were in Osipovskoye, Yablochny Spas, Zhilinskoye and Spasskoye. The highest yield in an average of three years was given by triploid scab-immune apple cultivars on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118: Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas.

The effect of local stand structure on growth and growth efficiency in heterogeneous stands of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine in central Oregon

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2217-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B Mainwaring ◽  
Douglas A Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Crown Projection Area

Basal area and height growth were analyzed for individual trees in uneven-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) stands in central Oregon. Basal area growth was modeled as a function of other stand and tree variables to address three general objectives: (1) to compare the predictive ability of distance-dependent versus distance-independent stand density variables; (2) to determine the degree to which small trees negatively affect the growth of overstory trees; and (3) to test for differences in growth efficiency between species and between indices of spatial occupancy used to define efficiency (area potentially available, crown projection area, and a surrogate for total tree leaf area). Distance-dependent variables were found to improve growth predictions when added to models with only distance-independent variables, and small trees were found to have a quantifiably negative effect on the growth of larger trees. While volume growth efficiency declined with increasing levels of spatial occupancy for lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine volume growth efficiency was greatest at the highest levels of crown base sapwood area and crown projection area. The behavior in ponderosa pine resulted from the previously recognized correlation between tree height and total leaf area or crown size. The final statistical models distinguished between the positive effect of relative height and the negative effect of increasing tree size.

scholarly journals Reduced Leaching Fractions Improve Irrigation Use Efficiency and Nutrient Efficacy

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Tyler ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Ted E. Bilderback
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
N Losses ◽  
P Content ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Abstract An experiment with two leaching fractions (LF = volume of water leached ÷ volume of water applied) and two fertilizer rates was conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced irrigation volume in combination with reduced fertility on irrigation use efficiency, nutrient efficacy (retention), and plant growth. Rooted cuttings of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate (8:1 by vol). Osmocote 24N-1.7P-5.8K (24-4-7) was topdressed at 3.5 g N or 1.75 g N per container at treatment initiation. The experiment, a RCBD with four replications was conducted for 100 days on a container-grown plant production area subdivided into 16 separate plots that allowed for the collection of all irrigation water leaving each plot. Twenty containers were placed in each plot. Irrigation water was applied daily to attain either a high LF of 0.4 to 0.6 or a low LF of 0.0 to 0.2. Irrigation water was applied in two cycles with a two hour rest interval between each application via pressure compensated spray stakes at a rate of 200 ml/min (0.28 in/min). Volume of effluent from each plot was measured daily and analyzed for NO3, NH4, and P. Low LF decreased irrigation volume and effluent volume by 44% and 63%, respectively, compared to high LF. Irrigation use efficiency [total plant dry weight (volume applied-volume leached)] by plants irrigated with low LF was 29% greater than high LF. Compared to high LF, low LF decreased cumulative NO3 and NH4 contents in effluent by 66% and 62%, respectively, for containers fertilized with 3.5 g N. Low LF also reduced cumulative P content in the effluent by 57% compared to high LF. Shoot and total plant dry weights produced with low LF were reduced 8% and 10%, respectively, compared to plants grown with high LF. Root dry weight was not effected by LF. Shoot, root, and total plant dry weights with 1.75 g N were reduced by 26%, 26%, and 28%, respectively compared to 3.5 g N. Nitrogen efficiency was higher when plants were fertilized with 3.5 g N regardless of LF. To maximize N absorption and minimize N losses requires a combination of maintaining an adequate N supply which is this study was 3.5 g N per 3.8 liter container in combination with a low LF.

scholarly journals Tree crown size as a measure of tree biosocial position in 135-year-old oak (Quercus L.) stand

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kaźmierczak ◽  
Bogna Zawieja
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pca Method ◽  
Crown Projection Area

AbstractThe paper presents an attempt to apply measurable traits of a tree – crown projection area, crown length, diameter at breast height and tree height for classification of 135-year-old oak (QuercusL.) trees into Kraft classes. Statistical multivariate analysis was applied to reach the aim. Empirical material was collected on sample plot area of 0.75 ha, located in 135-year-old oak stand. Analysis of dimensional traits of oaks from 135-year-old stand allows quite certain classification of trees into three groups: pre-dominant, dominant and co-dominant and dominated ones. This seems to be quite promising, providing a tool for the approximation of the biosocial position of tree with no need for assessment in forest. Applied analyses do not allow distinguishing trees belonging to II and III Kraft classes. Unless the eye-estimation-based classification is completed, principal component analysis (PCA) method provided simple, provisional solution for grouping trees from 135-year-old stand into three over-mentioned groups. Discriminant analysis gives more precise results compared with PCA. In the analysed stand, the most important traits for the evaluation of biosocial position were diameter at breast height, crown projection area and height.

scholarly journals Fungi and Oomycetes in the Irrigation Water of Forest Nurseries

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adas Marčiulynas ◽  
Diana Marčiulynienė ◽  
Jūratė Lynikienė ◽  
Artūras Gedminas ◽  
Miglė Vaičiukynė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Microbial Samples

The aim of the present study was to assess fungal and oomycete communities in the irrigation water of forest nurseries, focusing on plant pathogens in the hope of getting a better understanding of potential pathogenic microorganisms and spreading routes in forest nurseries. The study sites were at Anykščiai, Dubrava, Kretinga and Trakai state forest nurseries in Lithuania. For the collection of microbial samples, at each nursery five 100-L water samples were collected from the irrigation ponds and filtered. Following DNA isolation from the irrigation water filtrate samples, these were individually amplified using ITS rDNA as a marker and subjected to PacBio high-throughput sequencing. Clustering in the SCATA pipeline and the taxonomic classification of 24,006 high-quality reads showed the presence of 1286 non-singleton taxa. Among those, 895 were representing fungi and oomycetes. The detected fungi were 57.3% Ascomycota, 38.1% Basidiomycota, 3.1% Chytridiomycota, 0.8% Mucoromycota and 0.7% Oomycota. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta E. Guého, J. Guillot & Midgley (20.1% of all high-quality fungal sequences), Pezizella discreta (P. Karst.) Dennis (10.8%) and Epicoccum nigrum Link (4.9%). The most common oomycetes were Phytopythium cf. citrinum (B. Paul) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque (0.4%), Phytophthora gallica T. Jung & J. Nechwatal (0.05%) and Peronospora sp. 4248_322 (0.05%). The results demonstrated that the irrigation water used by forest nurseries was inhabited by a species-rich but largely site-specific communities of fungi. Plant pathogens were relatively rare, but, under suitable conditions, these can develop rapidly, spread efficiently through the irrigation system and be a threat to the production of high-quality tree seedlings.

scholarly journals Potentials of Natural Tree Regeneration after Clearcutting in Subalpine Forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juergen Kreyling ◽  
Andreas Schmiedinger ◽  
Ellen Macdonald ◽  
Carl Beiekuhnlein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Understory Plant

Abstract Regeneration of interior mountain forests still is not adequately understood, although these forests are subject to intensified use over the last decades. We examined factors influencing the success of natural tree regeneration after harvesting in the Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir zone of the Monashee Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. Distance from the forest edge was an important factor for regeneration; at distances exceeding 70 m from the forest edge only 50% of plots showed sufficient natural regeneration to meet stocking targets compared with 90% of plots closer to forest edges. Seedling density and growth were superior in the more protected southern portions of clearcuts. Seedling growth was less in plots containing high cover of downed woody debris. There was no relationship between understory plant diversity or composition and tree seedling regeneration. However, cover of fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) had a significant negative relationship with density but not growth of tree seedlings, particularly for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Cover of fireweed decline substantially within the first 10 years after clearcutting. We conclude that natural regeneration of trees has potential to help achieve stocking targets and also to maintain natural diversity of tree species if spatial constraints, especially thresholds in clearcut size, are considered.

Morphoanatomical characteristics of leaves of Anacardium othonianum seedlings subjected to different nitrogen doses under hydroponic conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 524
Author(s):  
Layara A. Bessa ◽  
Marialva A. Moreira ◽  
Fabiano G. Silva ◽  
Luciana C. Vitorino ◽  
Cássia L. Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Quantitative Anatomy ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
N Dose ◽  
Cashew Tree ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient that plants generally require in large amounts. Knowing the nitrogen dose that stimulates primary and secondary metabolic pathways is important for the management of nitrogen fertilisation in plants in general; however, this information is still unavailable for seedlings of the cerrado cashew tree. Based on the hypothesis that the availability of nitrogen for Anacardium othonianum Rizz. seedlings can affect can affect the development of anatomical structures, as well as the synthesis of secondary metabolism compounds in leaves, an experiment was conducted to determine the qualitative and quantitative anatomy this tissue collected from plants of this species subjected to N doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0 mmol L−1 in nutrient solution and evaluated the effect at 30 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT). The largest leaf morphoanatomical changes were observed under the doses of 0 and 15.0 mmol L−1 of N. The lowest stomatal density being observed in the plants exposed to an N dose of 15 mmol L−1. The level of flavonoids was not influenced by the availability of N in the solution; however, the absence of nitrogen directly affected the accumulation of phenolic compounds, alkaloids and polysaccharides present in the leaves, whereas the doses of 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mmol L−1 were essential to stimulate the presence of this latter compound in cerrado-cashew-tree seedlings maintained in nutrient solution. Regarding the epochs of evaluation, effect was observed only for the thickness of the adaxial epidermis. These data confirm the hypothesis that the leaf anatomy as well as the accumulation of secondary metabolism compounds in leaves of A. ohonianum can be modified because of the availability of N to the plant.

The Effect of Cattle Grazing on Ponderosa Pine Regeneration

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Kingery ◽  
R. T. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Nez Perce ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Study Sites

During the summer and fall of 1982, a study was established on the Nez Percé National Forest in central Idaho to assess the effects of cattle grazing on the performance of a new ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) plantation. Three study sites were located in a Douglas-fir/ninebark (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus) habitat type. Results after six years showed that livestock use can influence tree seedling establishment. Mortality and damage to tree seedlings from cattle resulted primarily from trampling rather than from browsing. Five and one-half percent of the seedlings were damaged by cattle, of which 3.6% died. Browsing by deer and elk caused the most growth loss. Overall damage was greatest from non-animal causes. Seedling quality at the time of planting, handling of the seedling, and droughty conditions during the first two years of the study contributed to this type of damage. Overall performance of the tree seedlings were relatively poor. Total mortality to tree seedlings resulting from all sources of damage was 43.6% for the grazed treatment and 25.3% for the non-grazed treatment.

Crown structure of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): a non-causal proxy for mechanical–physical wood properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Rais ◽  
Martin Jacobs ◽  
Jan-Willem G. van de Kuilen ◽  
Hans Pretzsch
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
Crown Morphology ◽  
Crown Projection Area

The current tendency towards the silvicultural promotion of mixed tree species has increased the variability in the crown structure within stands. This study shows how neighbouring trees can influence both the external crown features and internal wood properties of trees. Using terrestrial laser scanning, the crown features of 100 European beech trees, <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L., from pure beech stands and mixed stands of beech with Douglas fir, Norway spruce, sessile oak and Scots pine were recorded. After felling and sawing, the dynamic modulus of elasticity was determined on 1623 boards from the two lower 4.1-m logs. Significant differences were found between beech trees from pure stands and those from beech–pine mixed stands in terms of crown volume (415 m<sup>3</sup> vs 766 m<sup>3</sup>), crown ratio (50.0% vs 71.5%), crown projection ratio (0.182 m cm<sup>−1</sup> vs 0.253 m cm<sup>−1</sup>) and branch angle (30.7° vs 54.1°). Multiple regression mixed models revealed significant relationships between timber stiffness and crown volume (-1.7 N mm<sup>−2</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>), crown ratio (-28.4 N mm<sup>−2</sup> %<sup>−1</sup>) and crown projection area (-9835 N mm<sup>−2</sup> m<sup>−1</sup> cm). Thus, the crown morphology of broad-leaved species reflects the tree’s long-term competitive status and suggests indicators for the assessment of mechanical–physical wood properties.

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