Local Scale Covariance and Its Radical Implications for Cosmology

Galaxies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Yehonatan Knoll
Keyword(s):  
Local Scale ◽  
Covariant Theory ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Cosmological Redshift ◽  
Physical Limit ◽  
Scale Covariance ◽  
The Status ◽  
Scale Motion ◽  
Fundamental Equations ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

Local scale covariance posits that no privileged length scales should appear in the fundamental equations of local, Minkowskian physics—why should nature have scale, but not position preferences?—yet, they clearly do. A resolution is proposed wherein scale covariance is promoted to the status of Poincaré covariance, and privileged scales emerge as a result of `scale clustering’, similarly to the way privileged positions emerge in a translation covariant theory. The implied ability of particles to `move in scale’ has recently been shown by the author to offer a possible elegant solution to the missing matter problem. For cosmology, the implications are: (a) a novel component of the cosmological redshift, due to scale-motion over cosmological times; (b) a radically different scenario for the early universe, during which the conditions for such scale clustering are absent. The former is quantitatively analyzed, resulting in a unique cosmological model, empirically coinciding with standard Einstein–de-Sitter cosmology, only in some non-physical limit. The latter implication is qualitatively discussed as part of a critique of the conceptual foundations of ΛCDM which ignores scale covariance altogether.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COURT AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A JUDGE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern System ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

The article reveals the conceptual foundations of the social responsibility of the court as an important prerequisite for the legal responsibility of a judge. It has been established that the problem of court and judge liability is regulated by the following international and Ukrainian documents, such as: 1) European Charter on the Law «On the Status of Judges» adopted by the Council of Europe; 2) The Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges»; 3) the Constitution of Ukraine; 4) The Code of Judicial Ethics, approved by the Decision of the XI (regular) Congress of Judges of Ukraine; 5) Recommendation CM/Rec (2010) 12 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states regarding judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities; 6) Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct. The results of a survey conducted by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Razumkov Center, the Council of Judges of Ukraine and the Center for Judicial Studios with the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation based on the «Monitoring of the State of Independence of Judges in Ukraine – 2012» as part of the study of the level of trust in the modern system were considered and analyzed, justice, judges and courts. It is determined that a judge has both a legal and a moral duty to impartially, independently, in a timely manner and comprehensively consider court cases and make fair judicial decisions, administering justice on the basis of legislative norms. Based on the study of the practice of litigation, it has been proven that judges must skillfully operate with various instruments of protection from public influence. It has been established that in order to ensure the protection of judges from the public, it is necessary to create special units that will function as part of judicial self-government bodies. It was proposed that the Council of Judges of Ukraine, which acts as the highest body of judicial self- government in our state (in Ukraine), legislate the provision on ensuring the protection of the procedural independence of judges.

scholarly journals A possible new cosmological redshift effect due to Λ on traveling gravitational waves in Friedmann universes

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 1750168
Author(s):  
Stefano Viaggiu
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Einstein Condensation ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Expansion Factor ◽  
Cosmological Redshift ◽  
Bose Einstein Condensation ◽  
Abscissa Of Convergence ◽  
Physical Consequences ◽  
Bose Einstein

In this paper, we continue the investigation concerning the propagation of gravitational waves in a cosmological background using Laplace transform. a We analyze the possible physical consequences of the result present in Ref. 19 where it is argued that a nonvanishing positive abscissa of convergence caused by the de Sitter expansion factor [Formula: see text] implies a shift in the frequencies domain of a traveling gravitational wave as measured by a comoving observer. In particular, we show that in a generic asymptotically de Sitter cosmological universe, this redshift effect does also arise. Conversely, in a universe expanding with, for example, a power law expansion, this phenomenon does not happen. This physically possible new redshift effect, although negligible for the actual very low value of [Formula: see text], can have interesting physical consequences concerning for example its relation with Bose–Einstein condensation or more speculatively with the nature of the cosmological constant in terms of gravitons, as recently suggested in Ref. 21 near a Bose–Einstein condensation phase.

A Unified Analysis of Noncomparative Methods for Measuring the Molar Absorptivity of Triplet-Triplet Transitions

1987 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Carmichael ◽  
G. L. Hug
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Kinetic Method ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Intermolecular Energy ◽  
Intermolecular Energy Transfer ◽  
Fundamental Equations ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
State Kinetic ◽  
Made In

Noncomparative techniques for the measurement of the molar absorptivity of triplet-triplet absorption transitions, εT*, are reviewed. The methods covered include singlet depletion, total depletion, intensity variation (and its pulsed analog), partial saturation, and the so-called kinetic method. A critical analysis of the conceptual foundations of these varied approaches is performed. The fundamental equations of each technique are derived from a general three-state kinetic model of excitation and decay. From this unified approach it becomes very clear where assumptions are made in the traditional derivations of the methods. Additionally, one comparative method, that termed relative actinometry, is discussed, since it may be treated in a unimolecular fashion consistent with the above approach. The only major εT* method excluded from this review is that involving intermolecular energy transfer, a technique which has been thoroughly documented elsewhere.

scholarly journals A REVIEW OF THE N-BOUND AND THE MAXIMAL MASS CONJECTURES USING NUT-CHARGED dS SPACE–TIMES

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 3987-4035 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD CLARKSON ◽  
A. M. GHEZELBASH ◽  
ROBERT B. MANN
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
De Sitter Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Conserved Quantities ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Cosmological Singularity ◽  
Gravitational Entropy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Maximal Mass ◽  
Gravitational Thermodynamics

The proposed dS/CFT correspondence remains an intriguing paradigm in the context of string theory. Recently it has motivated two interesting conjectures: the entropic N-bound and the maximal mass conjecture. The former states that there is an upper bound to the entropy in asymptotically de Sitter space–times, given by the entropy of pure de Sitter space. The latter states that any asymptotically de Sitter space–time cannot have a mass larger than the pure de Sitter case without inducing a cosmological singularity. Here we review the status of these conjectures and demonstrate their limitation. We first describe a generalization of gravitational thermodynamics to asymptotically de Sitter space–times, and show how to compute conserved quantities and gravitational entropy using this formalism. From this we proceed to a discussion of the N-bound and maximal mass conjectures. We then illustrate that these conjectures are not satisfied for certain asymptotically de Sitter space–times with NUT charge. We close with a presentation of explicit examples in various space–time dimensionalities.

Islands in the stream

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 323-342
Author(s):  
Robert A. Kaster
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Do So

Summary The Latin grammarians of late antiquity seem to personify the cultural stagnation and decline that have commonly been thought to typify the age. Resting upon conceptual foundations that had been laid centuries earlier and repeating the same doctrine from generation to generation, their texts appear by and large to be wholly untouched by originality. This paper addresses the question: why was this so? To suggest one answer to this question, the argument begins from the premise that the tradition remained as stable as it did because it continued to satisfy certain needs; the paper then goes on to consider these needs and their interaction. First, there are the needs of the grammarians themselves. From the beginnings of the profession’s history in the first century B.C. and first century A.D., when the grammarians’ schools first emerged as distinct institutions at Rome, the grammarians’ doctrine, with its emphasis on the rational analysis of the language’s ‘nature’, provided them with the authority they needed to prescribe correct speech for the social and cultural elite that they served. Once this exercise of reason had made a place for the grammarians as relative newcomers to the world of liberal letters, the doctrine was something to be prized and defended: the vivid instruction of the late antique grammarian Pompeius shows us a man fortified and buoyed up by his profession’s tradition, eager to assert its soundness or to add an improving touch here or there – and without the least wish or incentive to attempt some fundamental innovation; for to do so would be to tamper with the honorable social position that the profession provided. At the same time, the mainstream of the educated elite – the second group whose needs must be considered – would themselves have had little reason to encourage innovation: since a liberal education, based of course on grammar, had come to be one of the most important marks of social – and even moral – status, the honorable position of the elite was as much tied as the grammarians’ to the maintenance of the traditional doctrine. As a result, when the interests of the grammarians and the educated elite met in the institution of patronage, on which all teachers depended, the stability of the tradition was reinforced: for patrons did not seek innovative brilliance in their dependents, nor did they even look primarily for technical competence; they rather looked first for traditionally valued personal qualities like modesty and diligence, and other such qualities that would tend to preserve the status quo.

scholarly journals Ecosystem-Based Quality Index in a harbor bay: Assessing the status of a heterogeneous system in a functional framework at a local scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 108260
Author(s):  
Filippo Ferrario ◽  
Ladd E. Johnson ◽  
Christopher W. McKindsey ◽  
Philippe Archambault
Keyword(s):  
Quality Index ◽  
Heterogeneous System ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
The Status

scholarly journals Institutional municipal reform in Russia: actors and their strategies (on the example of «small» local government reform)

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-228
Author(s):  
Ruslan Mukhametov
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Municipal Reform ◽  
Political Machine ◽  
The Status ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

One of the main democratic institutions in Russia is local selfgovernment (LSG). This institution is characterized by instability of legal regulation, which is reflected in regular changes and amendments to existing laws. The most significant transformation of the Institute of LSG was in 2003–2009, when the «big» municipal reform was carried out. In 2014, a «small» reform of the LSG was launched, which made it possible to introduce a two-level system of city administration. The new model of local government organization operates only in three cities – Chelyabinsk, Makhachkala and Samara. The purpose of the article is to understand the reasons for the transition of some cities to a new system of organization of local government. The conceptual foundations of the article are the structure-oriented approach of D. North, the «distributional» theory of institutional changes of G. Libecap, and the political and economic approach of D. Acemoglu and G. Robinson's. The research is based on the theory of reforms by J. Roland. The author concluded that limited political autonomy at the bodies and local self-government officials, the lack of mayors during the period of reforms Governor-cartridge a result of the change of the head of the region, the timing of the reform with the end of the term of powers of authorities and local selfgovernment officials, as well as the inclusion of regional authorities compensatory strategies for the urban ruling elite, are factors, which contributed to the implementation of institutional reform. It is shown that the obstacles that prevented the «small» reform of the local government act of political autonomy from consolidated municipal ruling elite, interested in preserving the status quo; the existence of an urban political machine; the lack of compensation of the urban ruling elite for losses which are due to the implementation of the reform; the discrepancy between the time of the reform by the end of the term of authorities and local self-government officials.

scholarly journals On the Superstrings-Induced Four-Dimensional Gravity and Its Applications to Cosmology

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Iihoshi ◽  
Sergei V. Ketov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Action ◽  
Leading Order ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Frw Cosmology ◽  
Spacetime Singularity ◽  
Spacetime Curvature ◽  
The Status ◽  
Dimensional Gravity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
M Theory

We review the status of the fourth-order (quartic in the spacetime curvature) terms induced by superstrings/M-theory (compactified on a warped torus) in the leading order with respect to the Regge slope parameter, and study their (nonperturbative) impact on the evolution of the Hubble scale in the context of the four-dimensional FRW cosmology. After taking into account the quantum ambiguities in the definition of the off-shell superstring effective action, we propose the generalized Friedmann equations, find the existence of their (de Sitter) exact inflationary solutions without a spacetime singularity, and constrain the ambiguities by demanding stability and the scale factor duality invariance of our solutions. The most naive (Bel-Robinson tensor squared) quartic terms are ruled out, thus giving the evidence for the necessity of extra quartic (Ricci tensor-dependent) terms in the off-shell gravitational effective action for superstrings. Our methods are generalizable to the higher orders in the spacetime curvature.

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