scholarly journals Cyanogenesis in the Sorghum Genus: From Genotype to Phenotype

Genes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Max Cowan ◽  
Birger Lindberg Møller ◽  
Sally Norton ◽  
Camilla Knudsen ◽  
Christoph Crocoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Sorghum ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
High Conservation

Domestication has resulted in a loss of genetic diversity in our major food crops, leading to susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses linked with climate change. Crop wild relatives (CWR) may provide a source of novel genes potentially important for re-gaining climate resilience. Sorghum bicolor is an important cereal crop with wild relatives that are endemic to Australia. Sorghum bicolor is cyanogenic, but the cyanogenic status of wild Sorghum species is not well known. In this study, leaves of wild species endemic in Australia are screened for the presence of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin. The direct measurement of dhurrin content and the potential for dhurrin-derived HCN release (HCNp) showed that all the tested Australian wild species were essentially phenotypically acyanogenic. The unexpected low dhurrin content may reflect the variable and generally nutrient-poor environments in which they are growing in nature. Genome sequencing of six CWR and PCR amplification of the CYP79A1 gene from additional species showed that a high conservation of key amino acids is required for correct protein function and dhurrin synthesis, pointing to the transcriptional regulation of the cyanogenic phenotype in wild sorghum as previously shown in elite sorghum.

scholarly journals Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Subsp. Drummondii) and Weedy Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)—Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) as Weeds in Agriculture

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Kanatas ◽  
Ioannis Gazoulis ◽  
Stavros Zannopoulos ◽  
Alexandros Tataridas ◽  
Anastasia Tsekoura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Agricultural Weeds ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. drummondii) and weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are two examples of crop wild relatives (CWRs) that have become troublesome weeds in agriculture. Shattercane is a race belonging to a different subspecies than domesticated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor). Weedy sunflower populations are natural hybrids between wild and domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Both species have key weedy characteristics, such as early seed shattering and seed dormancy, which play an important role in their success as agricultural weeds. They are widely reported as important agricultural weeds in the United States and have invaded various agricultural areas in Europe. Shattercane is very competitive to sorghum, maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Weedy sunflower causes severe yield losses in sunflower, maize, soybean, pulse crops, and industrial crops. Herbicide resistance was confirmed in populations of both species. The simultaneous presence of crops and their wild relatives in the field leads to crop–wild gene flow. Hybrids are fertile and competitive. Hybridization between herbicide-tolerant crops and wild populations creates herbicide-resistant hybrid populations. Crop rotation, false seedbed, cover crops, and competitive crop genotypes can suppress shattercane and weedy sunflower. Preventative measures are essential to avoid their spread on new agricultural lands. The development of effective weed management strategies is also essential to prevent hybridization between sorghum, sunflower, and their wild relatives and to mitigate its consequences.

scholarly journals Importance of Crop Wild Relatives in Climate Resilience

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2922-2932
Author(s):  
B. Keerthiraj ◽  
Anju M. Job ◽  
K. S. Shankarprasad ◽  
G. S. Sathisha ◽  
Sadanand Kumbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Climate Resilience

Crop wild relatives and their conservation strategies in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-757
Author(s):  
Yu Yanbo ◽  
Wang Qunliang ◽  
Kell Shelagh ◽  
Maxted Nigel ◽  
V. Ford-Lloyd Brian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Conservation Strategies

scholarly journals Status of the Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation of Brazilian Crop Wild Relatives of Rice, Potato, Sweet Potato, and Finger Millet: Filling the Gaps of Germplasm Collections

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Marcelo B. Medeiros ◽  
José F. M. Valls ◽  
Aluana G. Abreu ◽  
Gustavo Heiden ◽  
Suelma Ribeiro-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finger Millet ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
The Status

This study presents the status of ex situ and in situ conservation for the crop wild relatives of rice, potato, sweet potato, and finger millet in Brazil, and the subsequent germplasm collection expeditions. This research is part of a global initiative entitled “Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting, and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives” supported by the Global Crop Diversity Trust. Species of the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools with occurrences reported in Brazil were included: Oryza alta Swallen, O. grandiglumis (Döll) Prod., O. latifolia Desv., O. glumaepatula Steud., Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam., E. indica (L.) Gaertn., Solanum commersonii Dunal, S. chacoense Bitter, Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell, I. ramosissima (Poir.) Choisy, I. tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy, I. triloba L., and I. cynanchifolia Meisn. The status of the ex situ and in situ conservation of each taxon was assessed using the gap analysis methodology, and the results were used to plan 16 germplasm collection expeditions. Seeds of the collected material were evaluated for viability, and the protocols for seed germination and cryopreservation were tested. The final conservation score, resulting from the gap analysis and including the average of the ex situ and in situ scores, resulted in a classification of medium priority of conservation for all the species, with the exception of I. grandifolia (high priority). The total accessions collected (174) almost doubled the total accessions of these crop wild relatives incorporated in Embrapa’s ex situ conservation system prior to 2015. In addition, accessions for practically absent species were collected for the ex situ conservation system, such as Ipomoea species, Eleusine indica, and Solanum chacoense. The methods used for dormancy breaking and low temperature conservation for the Oryza, Eleusine, and Ipomoea species were promising for the incorporation of accessions in the respective gene banks. The results show the importance of efforts to collect and conserve ex situ crop wild relatives in Brazil based on previous gap analysis. The complementarity with the in situ strategy also appears to be very promising in the country.

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