scholarly journals The Complicated Relationship between Dieting, Dietary Restraint, Caloric Restriction, and Eating Disorders: Is a Shift in Public Health Messaging Warranted?

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Tiffany M. Stewart ◽  
Corby K. Martin ◽  
Donald A. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phase 1 Study ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Health Messaging

The origins of theories specifying dietary restraint as a cause of eating disorders can be traced to the 1970s. This paper will present an overview of the origins of dietary restraint theories and a brief historical review of evidence will be summarized. Recent research will be presented, including the results from the CALERIE Phase 1 study, as well as CALERIE Phase 2, which were NIH-sponsored randomized controlled trials. CALERIE 2 provided a test of the effect of two years of caloric restriction (CR) on the development of eating disorder syndromes and symptoms in comparison to a control group that did not alter eating behavior or body weight. The intervention was effective for inducing a chronic (two-year) reduction in total energy expenditure and increased dietary restraint but did not increase symptoms of eating disorders. The results of this recent investigation and other studies have not provided experimental support for conventional dietary restraint theories of eating disorders. These findings are discussed in terms of potential revisions of dietary restraint theory, as well as the implications for a paradigm shift in public health messaging related to dieting.

Changes in neuronal correlates of body image processing by means of cognitive-behavioural body image therapy for eating disorders: a randomized controlled fMRI study

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1651-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vocks ◽  
D. Schulte ◽  
M. Busch ◽  
D. Grönemeyer ◽  
S. Herpertz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

BackgroundPrevious neuroimaging studies have demonstrated abnormalities in visual body image processing in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, possibly underlying body image disturbance in these disorders. Although cognitive behavioural interventions have been shown to be successful in improving body image disturbance in eating disorders, no randomized controlled study has yet analysed treatment-induced changes in neuronal correlates of visual body image processing.MethodAltogether, 32 females with eating disorders were randomly assigned either to a manualized cognitive behavioural body image therapy consisting of 10 group sessions, or to a waiting list control condition. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, brain responses to viewing photographs of one's own and another female's body taken from 16 standardized perspectives while participants were wearing a uniform bikini were acquired before and after the intervention and the waiting time, respectively.ResultsData indicate a general blood oxygen level dependent signal enhancement in response to looking at photographs of one's own body from pre- to post-treatment, whereas exclusively in the control group activation decreases from pre- to post-waiting time were observed. Focused activation increases from pre- to post-treatment were found in the left middle temporal gyrus covering the coordinates of the extrastriate body area and in bilateral frontal structures including the middle frontal gyrus.ConclusionsResults point to a more intense neuronal processing of one's own body after the cognitive behavioural body image therapy in cortical regions that are responsible for the visual processing of the human body and for self-awareness.

scholarly journals A Phase 1 Randomized Controlled Trial of an At-Home Positive Psychology Intervention for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie E. Freedman ◽  
Brian C. Healy ◽  
Jeff C. Huffman ◽  
Tanuja Chitnis ◽  
Howard L. Weiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background: Positive psychology (PP) uses targeted activities to increase the frequency and intensity of positive feelings and may improve overall well-being in medically ill populations. In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility, acceptability and potential impact of a five-week, telephone-delivered, PP intervention for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Participants were randomized 1:1 to a five-week at-home PP intervention or waitlist control condition. Participants engaged in weekly phone calls with a study trainer and completed one PP exercise, such as recalling a past success, each week. Feasibility was determined by the number of sessions completed, and acceptability was assessed by weekly post-exercise participant ratings (0–10) of ease and utility. Efficacy was explored by examining between-group differences in changes from baseline on psychological variables, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and self-reported functional activities at five and ten weeks. Results: Thirty patients enrolled in the study. Ninety-three percent of participants (n = 28) completed all exercises. Ease scores ranged from 7.7–8.7 and utility scores ranged from 8.2–8.7. The PP intervention was associated with significantly greater increases (P < .05) in positive affect, optimism, state and trait anxiety, general health, and resilience in the intervention group compared to the control group. Approximately half of the PP participants maintained ≥ 50% of the improvement at 10 weeks. Conclusions: This five-week, telephone-based PP intervention was feasible and acceptable to individuals with MS. Larger randomized controlled trials are warranted to further investigate the utility of this intervention to improve well-being and other health outcomes in MS.

The Sedative and Analgesic Sparing Effect of Music 

1998 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc E. Koch ◽  
Zeev N. Kain ◽  
Chakib Ayoub ◽  
Stanley H. Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Postanesthesia Care Unit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Duration Of Surgery ◽  
Sparing Effect

Background To determine whether music influences intraoperative sedative and analgesic requirements, two randomized controlled trials were performed. Methods In phase 1, 35 adults undergoing urologic procedures with spinal anesthesia and patient-controlled intravenous propofol sedation were randomly assigned to hear favorable intraoperative music via headset or to have no music. In phase 2, 43 adults undergoing lithotripsy treatment of renal or ureteral calculi and receiving patient-controlled intravenous opioid analgesia were randomly assigned to either a music or no-music group. The effect of music on sedatives and analgesics requirements, recovery room duration, and adverse outcomes was assessed. Results In phase 1, patients in the music group required significantly less propofol for sedation than patients in the control group (0 [0-150] mg vs. 90 [0-240] mg, median[range]; P < 0.001). These findings persisted after adjusting for duration of surgery (0.3+/-0.1 mg/min vs. 1.6+/-0.4 mg/min; P < 0.001). Similarly, in phase 2, patients who listened to music had a significant reduction in alfentanil requirements (1,600 [0-4,250] microg vs. 3,900 [0-7,200] microg; P = 0.005). This persisted after adjusting for duration of surgery (52+/-9 microg/min vs. 119 +/-16 microg/min, mean +/- SD, P < 0.001). Duration of stay in the postanesthesia care unit and the rate of adverse events was similar in both groups (P = NS). Conclusions Use of intraoperative music in awake patients decreases patient-controlled sedative and analgesic requirements. It should be noted, however, that patients in the no-music group did not use a headset during operation. Thus, the decrease in sedative and analgesic requirements could be caused by elimination of ambient operating room noise and not by the effects of music.

Dieting and the Eating Disorders

2010 ◽  
pp. 147-179
Author(s):  
Eric Stice ◽  
Katherine Presnell
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Eating Pathology ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Causal Risk Factor

This chapter reviews theory and empirical evidence linking dietary restraint to eating pathology. Although prospective studies suggest that dieting increases risk for future onset of eating pathology, experiments suggest that assignment to weight loss and weight maintenance diets reduces eating disorder symptoms. Because these two findings have opposing public health implications, this chapter also considers various explanations for these inconsistent findings. Our analysis suggests that dieting is not a causal risk factor for bulimic pathology, but rather may be a proxy risk factor. We posit that a tendency towards overeating may lead to both dieting and bulimic pathology, which seems to better account for the pattern of observed findings, and propose a number of studies that might help further resolve whether dietary restraint is causally related to the development of eating pathology.

Effects of Aerosolized Dexamethasone on Acute Subglottic Injury

1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Kryzer ◽  
Carlos Gonzalez ◽  
Lawrence P. A. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Histomorphometric Analysis ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Phase 1 Study ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Made In

Aerosolized dexamethasone was used in a two-phase study to determine the possible effects on acute subglottic injury in the ferret animal model. In phase 1, equivalent subglottic injuries were made in 10 animals by using the brush technique, and the animals were divided into two groups. The treatment group received aerosolized dexamethasone at 2, 4, and 6 hours postinjury. All animals were examined 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after the injury. The clinical condition of each animal was evaluated and their airways were measured. The animals were then painlessly killed and the larynges were frozen, sectioned, and photographed at 1-mm intervals. A computer-linked digitizer pad was used to measure the subglottic dimensions. The results show a trend for the treated animals to have a larger subglottic airway as compared to the untreated (control) group. The phase 1 study suggests that there may be an improvement in the subglottic airway when treated acutely with aerosolized dexamethasone. In phase 2, 20 additional animals were studied by using the same methods of injury and treatment as in phase 1. The subglottic airways of these animals were evaluated with histomorphometric analysis on fixed histologic sections. A statistically significant difference was found between the subglottic airways of the treated and untreated animals favoring treatment with aerosolized dexamethasone. Aerosolized dexamethasone appears to be beneficial in preserving the subglottic airway after injury, possibly secondary to decreasing the edema associated with injury.

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