scholarly journals Diurnal Changes in Water Soluble Carbohydrate Components in Leaves and Sucrose Associated TaSUT1 Gene Expression during Grain Development in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8276
Author(s):  
Sarah Al-Sheikh Ahmed ◽  
Jingjuan Zhang ◽  
Hussein Farhan ◽  
Yingquan Zhang ◽  
Zitong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Flag Leaves ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Carbohydrate Components ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

In plant tissues, sugar levels are determined by the balance between sugar import, export, and sugar synthesis. So far, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) dynamics have not been investigated in a diurnal context in wheat stems as compared to the dynamics in flag leaves during the terminal phases of grain filling. Here, we filled this research gap and tested the hypothesis that WSC dynamics interlink with gene expression of TaSUT1. The main stems and flag leaves of two genotypes, Westonia and Kauz, were sampled at four hourly intervals over a 24 h period at six developmental stages from heading to 28 DAA (days after anthesis). The total levels of WSC and WSC components were measured, and TaSUT1 gene expression was quantified at 21 DAA. On average, the total WSC and fructan levels in the stems were double those in the flag leaves. In both cultivars, diurnal patterns in the total WSC and sucrose were detected in leaves across all developmental stages, but not for the fructans 6-kestose and bifurcose. However, in stems, diurnal patterns of the total WSC and fructan were only found at anthesis in Kauz. The different levels of WSC and WSC components between Westonia and Kauz are likely associated with leaf chlorophyll levels and fructan degradation, especially 6-kestose degradation. High correlation between levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in leaves indicated that TaSUT1 expression is likely to be influenced by the level of sucrose in leaves, and the combination of high levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in Kauz may contribute to its high grain yield under well-watered conditions.

Genotypic variation in water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari A. Ruuska ◽  
Greg J. Rebetzke ◽  
Anthony F. van Herwaarden ◽  
Richard A. Richards ◽  
Neil A. Fettell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Sequential Mechanism ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) that accumulates in the stems of wheat during growth can be an important contributor to grain filling, particularly under conditions when assimilation is limited, such as during end-of-season drought. WSC concentration was measured at anthesis across a diverse set of wheat genotypes over multiple environments. Environmental differences in WSC concentration were large (means for the set ranging between 108 and 203 mg g–1 dry weight), and there were significant and repeatable differences in WSC accumulation among genotypes (means ranging from 112 to 213 mg g–1 dry weight averaged across environments), associated with large broad-sense heritability (H = 0.90 ± 0.12). These results suggest that breeding for high WSC should be possible in wheat. The composition of the WSC, examined in selected genotypes, indicated that the variation in total WSC was attributed mainly to variation in the fructan component, with the other major soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and hexose, varying less. The degree of polymerisation (DP) of fructo-oligosaccharides was up to ~13 in samples where higher levels of WSC were accumulated, owing either to genotype or environment, but the higher DP components (DP > 6) were decreased in samples of lower total WSC. The results are consistent with fructan biosynthesis occurring via a sequential mechanism that is dependent on the availability of sucrose, and differences in WSC contents of genotypes are unlikely to be due to major mechanistic differences.

scholarly journals Improving Grain Yield via Promotion of Kernel Weight in High Yielding Winter Wheat Genotypes

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Bangyou Zheng ◽  
Yong He
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Improving plant net photosynthetic rates and accelerating water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation play an important role in increasing the carbon sources for yield formation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Understanding and quantify the contribution of these traits to grain yield can provide a pathway towards increasing the yield potential of wheat. The objective of this study was to identify kernel weight gap for improving grain yield in 15 winter wheat genotypes grown in Shandong Province, China. A cluster analysis was conducted to classify the 15 wheat genotypes into high yielding (HY) and low yielding (LY) groups based on their performance in grain yield, harvest index, photosynthetic rate, kernels per square meter, and spikes per square meter from two years of field testing. While the grain yield was significantly higher in the HY group, its thousand kernel weight (TKW) was 8.8% lower than that of the LY group (p < 0.05). A structural equation model revealed that 83% of the total variation in grain yield for the HY group could be mainly explained by TKW, the flag leaf photosynthesis rate at the grain filling stage (Pn75), and flag leaf water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) at grain filling stage. Their effect values on yield were 0.579, 0.759, and 0.444, respectively. Our results suggest that increase of flag leaf photosynthesis and WSC could improve the TKW, and thus benefit for developing high yielding wheat cultivars.

Effect of spraytopping applications of paraquat and glyphosate on the nutritive value and regeneration of vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Leys ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
B Plater
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Subsequent Regeneration ◽  
Earlier Application

The effects of paraquat and glyphosate on the nutritive value of dry residues of vulpia [Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray], and its subsequent regeneration the following year were examined at Wagga Wagga during the spring, summer and winter of 1986/87 and 1987/88. Paraquat (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) and glyphosate (135 and 270 g a.i./ha) were applied as spraytopping treatments at heading, anthesis and early grain filling stages of vulpia. For both herbicides, time of application was critical to the level of regeneration obtained. Glyphosate gave 84 and 83% control when applied at heading and anthesis respectively, delaying application until early grain filling reduced the level of vulpia control to 28%. Paraquat gave 81% control when applied at anthesis, while delaying application until early grain filling, or earlier application at heading, gave 59% control. Crude protein (CP) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations, and in vitro organic matter digestibilities (OMD) were measured in vulpia residues collected for 16 weeks after herbicide application. Paraquat increased CP levels most when applied at heading (from 4-8 to 7.2% in 1986, and from 4.9 to 6.5% in 1987). Glyphosate increased CP levels most when applied at heading in 1986 (from 4.8 to 5.4%), but at anthesis in 1987 (from 4.9 to 6.5%). Glyphosate increased WSC most when applied at heading (from 5.7 to 10.6% in 1986, and from 3.5 to 6.3% in 19871, while paraquat reduced WSC in both years. Application of glyphosate at heading was the only treatment to increase OMD (from 50.5 to 54.7%).

scholarly journals Diurnal changes in the nutritive composition of four forage species at high and low N fertiliser

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
L.A. Box ◽  
G.R. Edwards ◽  
R.H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Nutritive Composition ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Chicory and plantain have been suggested as alternative grazed forages to perennial ryegrass for New Zealand dairy systems. While diurnal changes in plant chemical composition have been described for ryegrass there is currently little information for herbs. This experiment aimed to compare the effect of nitrogen inputs (low and high) and harvesting time (am versus pm) on the chemical composition of four forages (ryegrass, plantain, chicory and white clover). The effect of harvest time was greater than N fertiliser inputs on chemical composition for all forages. Ryegrass showed the greatest increase in water soluble carbohydrate diurnally, at the expense of neutral detergent fibre and to a lesser extent crude protein. This suggests afternoon allocation of ryegrass may be beneficial to improve the nutritive value of pasture on offer; allocation timing is less important for white clover, chicory and plantain. Keywords: chicory, clover, crude protein, plantain, ryegrass, water soluble carbohydrate

Drought Stress Induces Changes in the Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition of Wheat Stems

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Virgona ◽  
EWR Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The effect of drought stress on the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) composition and water relations of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stem has been investigated. Five separate parts of the stem were sampled: the unsheathed portion of the peduncle (Stem 1a), the sheathed portion of the peduncle (Stem 1b), the penultimate internode (Stem 2), the lower internodes (Stem 3+4) and the flag-leaf-pulvinus (pulvinus). The NSC was analysed as two fractions, an ethanol-soluble carbohydrate (ESC) fraction containing mono- and di-saccharides and some low molecular weight oligosaccharides, and a water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction containing mostly fructans and some high molecular weight oligosaccharides. In Stems 1b, 2 and 3 +4, the imposition of drought midway through grain filling resulted in a shift in soluble carbohydrate from the WSC to the ESC fraction indicating hydrolysis of fructans. In Stem 2 on day 29 of grain filling, the WSC/ESC ratio was 7.6 � 1.5 in well watered plants in contrast to 0.5 � 0.1 in droughted plants on day 30, even though NSC concentration did not differ. The NSC content of Stem la and the pulvinus increased threefold under drought, although levels were significantly lower than in the rest of the stem. The WSC/ESC ratio in these tissues was low com- pared to the rest of the stem but still declined noticeably under drought stress. Turgor (P) was fully maintained in Stem 2 and the pulvinus of droughted plants. Under drought, P in the pulvinus was maintained at higher levels (1.9-2.4 MPa) than in Stem 2 (0.8-1.2 MPa).

The effect of supplementary carbohydrate composition on lactational performance in dairy cows grazing alfalfa pasture

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 203-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Castillo ◽  
D.E Beever ◽  
R.F. Gregoret ◽  
S.G. Onetti ◽  
O.R. Quaino
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Electric Fencing ◽  
Carbohydrate Components ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The rate of disimilation of the dietary protein fraction of fresh forages, especially fresh legumes, is rapid and often exceeds microbial requirements for ammonia [Beever, 1993]. Consequently total dietary nitrogen [N] utilisation is impaired due to increased absorption of ammonia from the rumen and excretion of urea via the kidneys. This experiment, as part of a larger co-ordinated study to examine N utilisation in alfalfa swards for milk production, considered the evaluation of different isoenergetic supplements formulated to contain contrasting carbohydrate components with respect to starch and fibre level and type, and water soluble carbohydrate content.Forty multiparous Holstein cows in immediately post peak lactation were randomnly allocated to one of four alfalfa paddocks, and provided fresh daily allowances [13kg Dry matter (DM)/cow/d] by means of electric fencing. Cows were milked twice daily [0600&1500h] when 3.5kg DM concentrate was offered at each milking. At all other times cows were at pasture and intakes were estimated by measuring pasture DM on offer to and refused by the cows.

The effect of supplementary carbohydrate composition on lactational performance in dairy cows grazing alfalfa pasture

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 203-203
Author(s):  
A.R. Castillo ◽  
D.E Beever ◽  
R.F. Gregoret ◽  
S.G. Onetti ◽  
O.R. Quaino
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Electric Fencing ◽  
Carbohydrate Components ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The rate of disimilation of the dietary protein fraction of fresh forages, especially fresh legumes, is rapid and often exceeds microbial requirements for ammonia [Beever, 1993]. Consequently total dietary nitrogen [N] utilisation is impaired due to increased absorption of ammonia from the rumen and excretion of urea via the kidneys. This experiment, as part of a larger co-ordinated study to examine N utilisation in alfalfa swards for milk production, considered the evaluation of different isoenergetic supplements formulated to contain contrasting carbohydrate components with respect to starch and fibre level and type, and water soluble carbohydrate content.Forty multiparous Holstein cows in immediately post peak lactation were randomnly allocated to one of four alfalfa paddocks, and provided fresh daily allowances [13kg Dry matter (DM)/cow/d] by means of electric fencing. Cows were milked twice daily [0600&1500h] when 3.5kg DM concentrate was offered at each milking. At all other times cows were at pasture and intakes were estimated by measuring pasture DM on offer to and refused by the cows.

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