scholarly journals CsAGA1 and CsAGA2 Mediate RFO Hydrolysis in Partially Distinct Manner in Cucumber Fruits

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13285
Author(s):  
Bing Hua ◽  
Mengying Zhang ◽  
Jinji Zhang ◽  
Haibo Dai ◽  
Zhiping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Estradiol Treatment ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Cucumber Genome ◽  
Gal Genes ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Inducible Gene

A Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) is one of the major translocated sugars in the vascular bundle of cucumber, but little RFOs can be detected in fruits. Alpha-galactosidases (α-Gals) catalyze the first catabolism step of RFOs. Six α-Gal genes exist in a cucumber genome, but their spatial functions in fruits remain unclear. Here, we found that RFOs were highly accumulated in vascular tissues. In phloem sap, the stachyose and raffinose content was gradually decreased, whereas the content of sucrose, glucose and fructose was increased from pedicel to fruit top. Three alkaline forms instead of acid forms of α-Gals were preferentially expressed in fruit vascular tissues and alkaline forms have stronger RFO-hydrolysing activity than acid forms. By inducible gene silencing of three alkaline forms of α-Gals, stachyose was highly accumulated in RNAi-CsAGA2 plants, while raffinose and stachyose were highly accumulated in RNAi-CsAGA1 plants. The content of sucrose, glucose and fructose was decreased in both RNAi-CsAGA1 and RNAi-CsAGA2 plants after β-estradiol treatment. In addition, the fresh- and dry-weight of fruits were significantly decreased in RNAi-CsAGA1 and RNAi-CsAGA2 plants. In cucurbitaceous plants, the non-sweet motif within the promoter of ClAGA2 is widely distributed in the promoter of its homologous genes. Taken together, we found RFOs hydrolysis occurred in the vascular tissues of fruits. CsAGA1 and CsAGA2 played key but partly distinct roles in the hydrolysis of RFOs.

Delayed hydrolysis of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides (RFO) affects critical germination of chickpeas

3 Biotech ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kalaivani ◽  
Raje Nikarika ◽  
Naskar Shoma ◽  
Rex Arunraj
Keyword(s):  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Effect of Cytokinins on the Expansion and Metabolism of Excised Cucumber Cotyledons

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
C Tsui ◽  
Tao Guo-qing ◽  
Chen Hui-ying ◽  
Son Yan-ru ◽  
Lian Han-ping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Expansion of excised cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons was stimulated by treatment with cytokinin, and commenced after a lag period of about 4 h. Expansion induced by benzyladenine (BA) was due mainly to increase of fresh weight, but cell number increased slightly. Hydrolysis of protein and lipid was stimulated by BA, and soluble sugars increased simultaneously. However, there was no significant change in the dry weight of cotyledons during the period of expansion. It is assumed that the transformation of lipid to sugar in the cotyledon is stimulated by BA. The respiration of cotyledons was evidently stimulated by BA and was entirely inhibited by respiratory inhibitors, e.g. NaN,, malonate and dinitrophenol. Inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis, such as chloramphenicol and actinomycin D, inhibited only the BA-induced expansion. They had no effect on the expansion of controls. These results suggest that different biochemical processes are involved in the expansion of cotyledons induced by BA and in controls. The former is related not only to respiration but also to the synthesis of protein and nucleic acid. BA increased DNA and RNA content per cotyledon. The increase of total RNA is due mainly to the increase of 25 S and 18 S rRNA.

scholarly journals Optimization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-galactosidase production and application in the degradation of raffinose family oligosaccharides

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María-Efigenia Álvarez-Cao ◽  
María-Esperanza Cerdán ◽  
María-Isabel González-Siso ◽  
Manuel Becerra
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Recombinant Production ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Degree Of Purification

Abstract Background α-Galactosidases are enzymes that act on galactosides present in many vegetables, mainly legumes and cereals, have growing importance with respect to our diet. For this reason, the use of their catalytic activity is of great interest in numerous biotechnological applications, especially those in the food industry directed to the degradation of oligosaccharides derived from raffinose. The aim of this work has been to optimize the recombinant production and further characterization of α-galactosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results The MEL1 gene coding for the α-galactosidase of S. cerevisiae (ScAGal) was cloned and expressed in the S. cerevisiae strain BJ3505. Different constructions were designed to obtain the degree of purification necessary for enzymatic characterization and to improve the productive process of the enzyme. ScAGal has greater specificity for the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl-α-d-galactopyranoside than for natural substrates, followed by the natural glycosides, melibiose, raffinose and stachyose; it only acts on locust bean gum after prior treatment with β-mannosidase. Furthermore, this enzyme strongly resists proteases, and shows remarkable activation in their presence. Hydrolysis of galactose bonds linked to terminal non-reducing mannose residues of synthetic galactomannan-oligosaccharides confirms that ScAGal belongs to the first group of α-galactosidases, according to substrate specificity. Optimization of culture conditions by the statistical model of Response Surface helped to improve the productivity by up to tenfold when the concentration of the carbon source and the aeration of the culture medium was increased, and up to 20 times to extend the cultivation time to 216 h. Conclusions ScAGal characteristics and improvement in productivity that have been achieved contribute in making ScAGal a good candidate for application in the elimination of raffinose family oligosaccharides found in many products of the food industry.

Autolysis of Penicillium oxalicum with special reference to its cell walls

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Perez-Leblic ◽  
Fuensanta Reyes ◽  
R. Lahoz ◽  
S. A. Archer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Penicillium Oxalicum ◽  
Lytic Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Complex ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Rapid Hydrolysis ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Cultures of Penicillium oxalicum growing on a denned medium supplemented with yeast extract reached the onset of autolysis after 3 days at 25 °C. Thenceforth, autolysis was progressive and eventual reductions in dry weight of 96% were recorded by day 47. The pH of the medium fluctuated between 4.0 during the exponential phase of growth and 9.0 during autolysis. Electron microscopy of autolyzing cultures revealed a progressive loss of cytoplasmic ultrastructure. Digestion of the cell walls, with a rapid hydrolysis of the three external layers and a low hydrolysis of the two inner layers, was accompanied by deep pitting and by loss of the distinct five-layered structure. A lytic enzyme complex was obtained from the filtrates of extensively autolyzed cultures. It was rich in (1 → 3)-β-glucanase and other enzymes active against a range of fungal cell wall and storage polysaccharides. This enzyme complex degraded extensively isolated cell walls of P. oxalicum and three other Ascomycetes but had less effect on walls isolated from Mucor mucedo or Schizophyllum commune. In the case of P. oxalicum, cell walls harvested from young cultures were more readily digested than were the walls from older cultures.

scholarly journals Analytic studies in plant respiration VII—Aerobic respiration in barley seedlings and its relation to growth and carbohydrate supply

1937 ◽  
Vol 123 (832) ◽  
pp. 321-342 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Common Basis ◽  
Oxygen Medium ◽  
Plant Respiration ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Preliminary to a study of seedling respiration as affected by varying concentrations of oxygen, some sets of experiments were carried out in air as a standard oxygen medium. In these experiments growth was also measured and the relation between the rates of these two processes was determined. The major features of the carbon metabolism in the young seedling are, (1) hydrolysis of starch in the endosperm, (2) formation of new dry matter in the embryo by growth, (3) respiration of carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water in both endosperm and embryo. By relating (1) with (2) and (3) we arrive at (4) the rate of translocation of carbohydrates from endosperm to embryo. All these activities may be expressed, for numerical comparison, in terms of hexose units per unit of time, so that it is possible to survey, on this common basis, the balance and relative rates of these processes. The rates of the component parts of the system are to be labelled as follows: H , production rate of liexoses by hydrolysis of carbohydrate reserves in the endosperm; R 1 ,respiration rate of hexoses in the endosperm; T , translocation rate of hexoses from the endosperm to the embryo; R 2 , the respiration rate of the embryo; G , the rate of growth of dry weight of the embryo material. We may add to this series P (as a subsection of G ) the rate of transitory deposition in the embryo of mobile reversible carbohydrate reserves such as starch, which are later available for respiration. G less P would stand for the irreversible growth of new tissue substance, in a restrictive sense, while G stands for the whole dry-weight increase.

PUNGENIN: A GLUCOSIDE FOUND IN LEAVES OF PICEA PUNGENS (COLORADO SPRUCE)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A new crystalline glucoside named pungenin (m.p. 198–199 °C., [Formula: see text], water) was isolated from leaves or leafy twigs of Picea pungens Engelm. collected during the winter months. It comprised about 5% of the dry weight. Hydrolysis of this glucoside gave 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone and D-glucose. Methylation of pungenin gave a crystalline pentamethyl ether (m.p. 97 °C.) which gave isoacetovanillone on hydrolysis, and was found to be identical with the methyl ether obtained by complete methylation of isoacetovanillone-β-D-glucopyranoside. Pungenin is thus 3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxyacetophenone, a monoglucoside of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone.

scholarly journals Ammonia Fiber Expansion (Afex) Treatment of Wheat Straw for Production of Bioethanol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Farshidreza Emam
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Ammonia Fiber Expansion ◽  
Afex Pretreatment ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) treatment is a technique that is able to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of lignocellulosic materials. In this technique, lignocellulosic materials are treated by liquid ammonia under pressure followed by rapid release of pressure that expands the fiber structure and increases enzyme access to lignocellulose polysaccharides. However, the AFEX treatment variables such as the mass ratio of ammonia to lignocellulosic biomass, moisture of lignocellulose (moisture content of biomass), temperature, and residence time need to be evaluated to find the maximum efficiency of this treatment. The efficiency of the AFEX pretreatment was quantified by the yield of released sugars during enzymatic hydrolysis of the AFEX-treated wheat straw. The optimal treatment conditions for wheat straw were found to be: ammonia-to-wheat straw ratio, 1:1; temperature, 95°C; moisture content of wheat straw, 70% (dry weight basis); and residence time, 5 minutes. Under these conditions, almost 89% of the theoretical sugars were released by enzymatic hydrolysis of the AFEX-treated wheat straw. The enzymatic hydrolysis results showed the significance of AFEX pretreatment of wheat straw when compared to untreated wheat straw with released sugars yield of only 26 %.

PUNGENIN: A GLUCOSIDE FOUND IN LEAVES OF PICEA PUNGENS (COLORADO SPRUCE)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A new crystalline glucoside named pungenin (m.p. 198–199 °C., [Formula: see text], water) was isolated from leaves or leafy twigs of Picea pungens Engelm. collected during the winter months. It comprised about 5% of the dry weight. Hydrolysis of this glucoside gave 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone and D-glucose. Methylation of pungenin gave a crystalline pentamethyl ether (m.p. 97 °C.) which gave isoacetovanillone on hydrolysis, and was found to be identical with the methyl ether obtained by complete methylation of isoacetovanillone-β-D-glucopyranoside. Pungenin is thus 3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxyacetophenone, a monoglucoside of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone.

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