scholarly journals Identification of Plant DNA in Adults of the Phytoplasma Vector Cacopsylla picta Helps Understanding Its Feeding Behavior

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Dana Barthel ◽  
Hannes Schuler ◽  
Jonas Galli ◽  
Luigimaria Borruso ◽  
Jacob Geier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Plant Dna ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
Deep Sequencing Technology ◽  
Phytoplasma Vector ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Phloem Feeding

Apple proliferation is an economically important disease and a threat for commercial apple cultivation. The causative pathogen, the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, is mainly transmitted by Cacopsylla picta, a phloem-feeding insect that develops on the apple tree (Malus spp.). To investigate the feeding behavior of adults of the phytoplasma vector Cacopsylla picta in more detail, we used deep sequencing technology to identify plant-specific DNA ingested by the insect. Adult psyllids were collected in different apple orchards in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of northern Italy. DNA from the whole body of the insect was extracted and analyzed for the presence of plant DNA by performing PCR with two plant-specific primers that target the chloroplast regions trnH-psbA and rbcLa. DNA from 23 plant genera (trnH) and four plant families (rbcLa) of woody and herbaceous plant taxa was detected. Up to six and three plant genera and families, respectively, could be determined in single specimens. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the feeding behavior of adult Cacopsylla picta.

scholarly journals Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Peter Quandahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Trehalose Content

AbstractTrehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.

Whole body withdrawal circuit and its involvement in the behavioral hierarchy of the mollusk Clione limacina

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Norekian ◽  
R. A. Satterlie
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Withdrawal Behavior ◽  
Cerebral Neurons ◽  
Clione Limacina

1. The behavioral repertoire of the holoplanktonic pteropod mollusk Clione limacina includes a few well-defined behaviors organized in a priority sequence. Whole body withdrawal takes precedence over slow swimming behavior, whereas feeding behavior is dominant over withdrawal. In this study a group of neurons is described in the pleural ganglia, which controls whole body withdrawal behavior in Clione. Each pleural withdrawal (Pl-W) neuron has a high threshold for spike generation and is capable of inducing whole body withdrawal in a semi-intact preparation: retraction of the body-tail, wings, and head. Each Pl-W neuron projects axons into the main central nerves and innervates all major regions of the body. 2. Stimulation of Pl-W neurons produces inhibitory inputs to swim motor neurons that terminate swimming activity in the preparation. In turn, Pl-W neurons receive inhibitory inputs from the cerebral neurons involved in the control of feeding behavior in Clione, neurons underlying extrusion of specialized prey capture appendages. Thus it appears that specific inhibitory connections between motor centers can explain the dominance of withdrawal behavior over slow swimming and feeding over withdrawal in Clione.

Exploring DNA Barcode Information of Selected Thai Medicinal Plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 1060 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Suang Rungpragayphan ◽  
Perayot Pamonsinlapatham ◽  
Busaba Powthongchin ◽  
Wikanda Prommanee ◽  
Piyaporn Wongakson
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Plant Dna ◽  
Thai Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Families

DNA barcode is referred to specific ranges, sequences or fragments of DNA used for identification organisms at genus or species levels. There are several plant DNA barcodes which are currently studied, such as ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer), ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2), matK, psbA-trnH, rbcL, trnL-trnF. In this work, ITS, ITS2 and psbA-trnH sequences of many medicinal plants in the “Thai Medicinal Plant DNA Barcode Database” were studied. Total of 163 DNA barcodes from 75 plant families were processed and analysed. ATCG contents, %GC or %CG found, ATG patterns, and alignment patterns were investigated. Also, sequences relationships among families were discussed. This information will be useful for authentication and quality control of herbal medicine.

scholarly journals ETHNOMEDICINE OF BAJO TRIBE COMMUNITY IN BANGKO VILLAGE, MAGINTI DISTRICT, WEST MUNA, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Fachruddin Fachruddin ◽  
Musthamin Balumbi ◽  
Dustan Dustan
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Coastal Plants ◽  
Maritime Culture ◽  
Exploratory Survey ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study aims to reveal the use of marine and coastal plants, and animals as medicine by Bajo Tribe society in Bangko Village, West Muna. The method used was an exploratory survey. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with 20 traditional healers selected by purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The result revealed that there were 39 species of plants and 5 species of animals used as medicine. The most widely used plant families were the Arecaceae and Poaceae, 3 species respectively, while animals from the families of Holothuriidae, Onuphidae, Pinnidae, Syngnathidae, and Tridacnidae, 1 species respectively. The most commonly part of plant used was leaves (50%), while for animal was parts of flesh and whole body were used 40% respectively. The most commonly used preparation and application were boiling and drinking. In conclusion,  Bajo people in Bangko Village with their maritime culture  use plants and animals in the marine and coastal environment to overcome various diseases and health problems, in addition using “baca-baca” method.

scholarly journals The insect vector Cacopsylla picta vertically transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ to its progeny

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mittelberger ◽  
L. Obkircher ◽  
S. Oettl ◽  
T. Oppedisano ◽  
F. Pedrazzoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Vector ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali

scholarly journals Protein Malnutrition during Pregnancy in C57BL/6J Mice Results in Offspring with Altered Circadian Physiology before Obesity

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 1570-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Sutton ◽  
Armand V. Centanni ◽  
Andrew A. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Fetal Malnutrition ◽  
Circadian Physiology

The mechanisms linking intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) with adulthood obesity and diabetes are unclear. These studies investigated energy homeostasis in 8- and 20-wk-old male and female mice subjected to protein deficiency in utero. Pregnant C57BL/6J female mice were fed a protein-deficient diet (6% protein). Undernourished offspring (UO) and controls (CO) were cross-fostered to lactating dams fed a 20% control diet. The 24-h profiles of energy expenditure, feeding behavior, physical activity, and whole-body substrate preference was assessed using 8-wk UO and CO weaned onto control diet. Blood chemistries, glucose tolerance, and expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism were analyzed in 8- and 20-wk-old CO and UO fed control or a high-fat diet. UO exhibited IUGR with catch-up growth at 8 wk of age and increased severity of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance by 20 wk of age. Therefore, fetal malnutrition in the C57BL/6J mouse increases sensitivity to diet-induced obesity. Abnormal daily rhythms in food intake and metabolism, increased lipogenesis, and inflammation preceded obesity in the UO group. Arrhythmic expression of circadian oscillator genes was evident in brain, liver, and muscle of UO at 8 and 20 wk of age. Expression of the clock-associated nuclear receptor and transcription repressor Rev-erbα was reduced in liver and muscle of UO. Altered circadian physiology may be symptomatic of the metabolic dysregulation associated with IUGR, and altered feeding behavior and substrate metabolism may contribute to the obese phenotype.

scholarly journals Fat Body Phospholipid State Dictates Hunger Driven Feeding Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P Kelly ◽  
Mroj Alassaf ◽  
Camille E Sullivan ◽  
Ava E Brent ◽  
Zachary H Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Feeding Motivation

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) leads to dysfunctional feeding behavior. But the precise molecular nodes that are dysregulated by DIO that alter satiety sensing and feeding motivation are not fully disentangled. The fruit fly is a simple genetic model system yet displays significant evolutionary conservation to mammalian nutrient sensing and energy balance. Using a longitudinal high sugar regime, in Drosophila, we sought to address how lipid alteration in fat cells alters feeding motivation. We find that long-term exposure to an HSD increases baseline feeding in flies. However, prolonged exposure to HSD degrades the hunger-driven feeding (HDF) response. Lipidomics analysis reveals that longitudinal exposure to HSD significantly alters whole body phospholipid profiles. Then, performing a systematic screen for phospholipid enzymes, we identify that a specific enzyme PECT, a rate-limiting enzyme in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis pathway and the fly ortholog of human PCYT2, was critical to maintaining hunger-driven feeding motivation. We show that disrupting PECT only in the fat body causes insulin-resistant phenotypes and a loss of hunger-driven feeding. Excitingly, we find that overexpression of PECT restores HSD-induced loss of hunger-driven feeding response. Strikingly human studies have noted a correlation between PCYT2/PECT levels and clinical obesity. Now, our unbiased studies in Drosophila provide specific genetic evidence for PECT in maintaining nutrient sensing during DIO. Our study provides novel insights on the role of phospholipids in interorgan communication of nutrient status.

scholarly journals The phytopathogen ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ alters apple tree phloem composition and affects oviposition behavior of its vector Cacopsylla picta

Chemoecology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Maria Görg ◽  
Jannicke Gallinger ◽  
Jürgen Gross
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract Apple proliferation disease is caused by the phloem-dwelling bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, inducing morphological changes in its host plant apple, such as witches’ broom formation. Furthermore, it triggers physiological alterations like emission of volatile organic compounds or phytohormone levels in the plant. In our study, we assessed phytoplasma-induced changes in the phloem by sampling phloem sap from infected and non-infected apple plants. In infected plants, the soluble sugar content increased and the composition of phloem metabolites differed significantly between non-infected and infected plants. Sugar and sugar alcohol levels increased in diseased plants, while organic and amino acid content remained constant. As ‘Ca. P. mali’ is vectored by the phloem-feeding insect Cacopsylla picta (Foerster, 1848), we assessed whether the insect–plant interaction was affected by ‘Ca. P. mali’ infection of the common host plant Malus domestica Borkh. Binary-choice oviposition bioassays between infected and non-infected apple leaves revealed C. picta’s preference for non-infected leaves. It is assumed and discussed that the changes in vector behavior are attributable to plant-mediated effects of the phytoplasma infection.

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