scholarly journals Epidemiology and Viral Etiology of Pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenia through Korean Public Health Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1356
Author(s):  
Jae Hee Lim ◽  
Yu Kyeong Kim ◽  
So Hyeon Min ◽  
Sang Won Kim ◽  
Young Hwan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Data Platform ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
Arima Modeling ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male To Female

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is prevalent in children aged 2–5 years but may occur in all pediatric age groups. In 50–60% of pediatric patients, ITP is preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection 1–4 weeks before its onset. In this study, the relationship between the development of ITP and viral infections in children was assessed. We analyzed data of 6487 patients aged < 18 years with incident ITP from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Open Access Big Data Platform (2015 to 2018) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. The monthly positive detection rate (PDR) of seven respiratory and four acute diarrhea viruses was calculated. The virus PDR seasonal trend data was analyzed through ARIMA modeling. The ITP diagnostic data and prevalence of viral infection 1 and 2 months prior were analyzed using the Granger test. The overall male to female (M/F) ratio was 1.2, whereas it was 1.4 in the youngest age group (< 1 year). The overall ITP incidence rate was 18.1 per 100,000 person-years. Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus infections influenced ITP occurrence in children. However, rotavirus infection is positively associated with the etiology of ITP after 1–2 months.

scholarly journals 301. Detection of Pneumococcal Pneumonia During SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S257-S257
Author(s):  
Anne Watkins ◽  
Devyn Yolda-Carr ◽  
Isabel M Ott ◽  
Maura Nakahata ◽  
Adam Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Panel Member ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Review Panel ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a common colonizer of the upper respiratory tract and can progress to cause invasive and mucosal disease. Additionally, infection with pneumococcus can complicate respiratory viral infections (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.) by exacerbating the initial disease. Limited data exist describing the potential relationship of SARS-CoV-2 infection with pneumococcus and the role of co-infection in influencing COVID-19 severity. Methods Inpatients and healthcare workers testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during March-August 2020 were tested for pneumococcus through culture-enrichment of saliva followed by RT-qPCR (to identify carriage) and for inpatients only, serotype-specific urine antigen detection (UAD) assays (to identify pneumococcal pneumonia). A multinomial multivariate regression model was used to examine the relationship between pneumococcal detection and COVID-19 severity. Results Among the 126 subjects who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, the median age was 62 years; 54.9% of subjects were male; 88.89% were inpatients; 23.5% had an ICU stay; and 13.5% died. Pneumococcus was detected in 17 subjects (13.5%) by any method, including 5 subjects (4.0%) by RT-qPCR and 12 subjects (13.6%) by UAD. Little to no bacterial growth was observed on 21/235 culture plates. Detection by UAD was associated with both moderate and severe COVID-19 disease while RT-qPCR detection in saliva was not associated with severity. None of the 12 individuals who were UAD-positive died. Conclusion Pneumococcal pneumonia (as determined by UAD) continues to occur during the ongoing pandemic and may be associated with more serious COVID-19 outcomes. Detection of pneumococcal carriage may be masked by high levels of antibiotic use. Future studies should better characterize the relationship between pneumococcus and SARS-CoV-2 across all disease severity levels. Disclosures Akiko Iwasaki, PhD, 4Bio (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)Adaptive Biotechnologies (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)Blavatnik (Grant/Research Support)HHMI (Grant/Research Support)Mathers (Grant/Research Support)NIH (Grant/Research Support)Spring Discovery (Grant/Research Support)Spring Discovery (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)Vedanta InProTher (Consultant, Advisor or Review Panel member)Yale School of Medicine (Grant/Research Support) Nathan D. Grubaugh, PhD, Tempus Labs (Consultant) Ronika Alexander-Parrish, RN, MAEd, Pfizer (Employee, Shareholder) Adriano Arguedas, MD, Pfizer (Employee) Bradford D. Gessner, MD, MPH, Pfizer Inc. (Employee) Daniel Weinberger, PhD, Affinivax (Consultant)Merck (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Consultant, Grant/Research Support) Anne Wyllie, PhD, Global Diagnostic Systems (Consultant)Pfizer (Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support)PPS Health (Consultant)Tempus Labs, Inc (Research Grant or Support)

Humoral immunity to respiratory syncytial virus in young and elderly adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 1684-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. TERROSI ◽  
G. Di GENOVA ◽  
B. MARTORELLI ◽  
M. VALENTINI ◽  
M. G. CUSI
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been demonstrated to cause substantial disease in elderly and immunocompromised subjects. The relationship of serum antibody to RSV infection and the risk of infection in elderly subjects is controversial, thus we evaluated the presence of neutralizing antibodies to RSV in healthy people of different age groups and the correlation with viral protection. Baseline blood samples from 197 subjects aged 20–80 years were analysed for the presence of anti-RSV antibodies either by indirect immunofluorescence and microneutralization test. The percentage of people who had neutralizing antibodies to RSV was significantly higher (P=0·001) in the youngest group (92·51%) compared to the frail group (36·21%). The RSV antibody level tends to wane in some older people; this factor could determine proneness to RSV re-infections in the elderly who are at a greater risk of developing severe respiratory disease.

scholarly journals MTOR Kinase is a Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HoangDinh Huynh ◽  
Ruth Levitz ◽  
Jeffrey Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Abstract Therapeutic interventions targeting viral infections remain a significant challenge for both the medical and scientific communities. While specific antiviral agents have shown success as therapeutics, viral resistance inevitably develops making many of these approaches ineffective. This inescapable obstacle warrants alternative approaches, such as targeting host cellular factors. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, causes respiratory tract infection ranging from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to severe life-threatening lower respiratory tract disease. Despite the fact that the molecular biology of the virus, which was originally discovered in 1956, is well described, there is no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment against RSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that targeting host factors, specifically, mTOR signaling, limits RSV protein production and viral replication. Further, we show that this approach is generalizable as inhibition of mTOR kinases reduces coronavirus gene expression, protein production and replication. Overall, defining virus replication-dependent host functions may be an effective means to combat viral infections, particular in the absence of antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals mTOR kinase is a therapeutic target for respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
HoangDinh Huynh ◽  
Ruth Levitz ◽  
Rong Huang ◽  
Jeffrey S. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Progeny Virus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractTherapeutic interventions targeting viral infections remain a significant challenge for both the medical and scientific communities. While specific antiviral agents have shown success as therapeutics, viral resistance inevitably develops, making many of these approaches ineffective. This inescapable obstacle warrants alternative approaches, such as the targeting of host cellular factors. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, causes respiratory tract infection ranging from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to severe life-threatening lower respiratory tract disease. Despite the fact that the molecular biology of the virus, which was originally discovered in 1956, is well described, there is no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment against RSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that targeting host factors, specifically, mTOR signaling, reduces RSV protein production and generation of infectious progeny virus. Further, we show that this approach can be generalizable as inhibition of mTOR kinases reduces coronavirus gene expression, mRNA transcription and protein production. Overall, defining virus replication-dependent host functions may be an effective means to combat viral infections, particularly in the absence of antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals The Experience of a Comparative Analysis of the Incidence of Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract after the Introduction of a System of Epidemiological Monitoring of Pneumonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Kravchenko ◽  
T. A. Gavrilova ◽  
M. I. Khakimova ◽  
V. B. Kazanova ◽  
E. I. Vasilyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring

 The system of epidemiological surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia (VP) in the Russian Federation (RF) has changed since 2011. As a result, additional opportunities have emerged for a comparative analysis of the incidence of EP and ARVI. The goal is to give a comparative description of the incidence of CAP and ARVI by age groups, territories and seasonality, taking into account the results of a selective laboratory examination of patients.Materials and methods.A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study on the results of epidemiological surveillance at the regional level (Irkutsk Region, 2012–2016) was conducted. For 2016, the dynamics of the patient’s number with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (n = 706460) and VP (n = 15279) reported by weeks, as well as the results of selective PCR examination of 1788 patients for 13 viral and bacterial pathogens were analyzed.Results.Over 5 years, the incidence of the VP increased from 377.6 (370.0–385.2) per 100 thousand to 588.3 (578.7–597.9), the average annual growth rate was + 35.8%. At the same time, the incidence of ARVI decreased at an average annual rate of –2.9%. When comparing the incidence of CAP and ARVI in municipalities, it was found weakly correlation only (ρ = 0.172, p> 0.05). In contrast, in the analysis of seasonality, a direct strong correlation was found between SARS and EP by weeks of the year (ρ = 0.887, p <0.05). For an average of 5 years, there were 52 cases of ARVI per 1 case of EP. For children, there were no significant differences in this indicator by the seasons of the year, whereas in adults, EP were recorded relatively more often in summer and spring than in winter and autumn (p <0.05). Significant differences in the frequency of positive findings for the seasons of the year were found for pneumococcus, rhinoviruses, influenza A and RS viruses. The recorded incidence of CAP and ARVI was characterized by a weak correlation link by territory and a strong link by weeks.Conclusion.The introduction of the epidemiological monitoring system for pneumonia allowed to identify differences in the intra-annual dynamics of EF and ARVI among adults and children. This is the basis for correcting the tactics laboratory monitoring and prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Social contacts and the locations in which they occur as risk factors for influenza infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1789) ◽  
pp. 20140709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kin O. Kwok ◽  
Benjamin J. Cowling ◽  
Vivian W. I. Wei ◽  
Kendra M. Wu ◽  
Jonathan M. Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Mixing Patterns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The interaction of human social behaviour and transmission is an intriguing aspect of the life cycle of respiratory viral infections. Although age-specific mixing patterns are often assumed to be the key drivers of the age-specific heterogeneity in transmission, the association between social contacts and biologically confirmed infection has not previously been tested at the individual level. We administered a questionnaire to participants in a longitudinal cohort survey of influenza in which infection was defined by longitudinal paired serology. Using a variety of statistical approaches, we found overwhelming support for the inclusion of individual age in addition to contact variables when explaining odds of infection: the best model not including age explained only 15.7% of the deviance, whereas the best model with age explained 23.6%. However, within age groups, we did observe an association between contacts, locations and infection: median numbers of contacts (or locations) reported by those infected were higher than those from the uninfected group in every age group other than the youngest. Further, we found some support for the retention of location and contact variables in addition to age in our regression models, with excess odds of infection of approximately 10% per additional 10 contacts or one location. These results suggest that, although the relationship between age and incidence of respiratory infection at the level of the individual is not driven by self-reported social contacts, risk within an age group may be.

scholarly journals Neonatal Death and National Income in Developing Countries: Will Economic Growth Reduce Deaths in the First Month of Life?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Sarah Neal ◽  
Jane Falkingham
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
National Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Child ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between national income and child mortality has been understood for many years. However, what is less well known is whether the association differs for neonatal mortality compared to postneonatal and early childhood deaths. Our study extends knowledge by analysing the relationship between gross national income (GNI) and neonatal, postneonatal, and early child mortality. The study draws on mortality estimates from Demographic and Household Surveys and World Bank data for GNI. It uses multivariate multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between GNI and neonatal, postneonatal, and early child mortality rates (NMR, PNMR, and ECMR) using cross-sectional data from 65 countries and trend data from 49 countries. No significant relationship can be found between NMR and GNI for cross-sectional data once adjusted for region. The trend data confirms that increases over time in GNI are associated with lower reductions in NMR than other component rates. Thus, economic growth alone may have a weaker effect on reducing neonatal deaths than for older age groups; achieving improvements in neonatal mortality requires investment in maternal and new born health services alongside growth.

scholarly journals The Spread of RS-virus Infection and other ARVI not Influenza Etiology in Children and Adults in the Regions of Russia from 2014 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Karpova ◽  
E. A. Smorodintseva ◽  
T. J. Sysoeva ◽  
T. P. Stolyarova ◽  
N. M. Popovtseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
Average Annual Incidence ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Relevance.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children in whom this virus is the cause of the primary  infection. Goal. The aim of the study is to study the spread of diseases with MS infection in federal districts of RussiaMaterials and methods.The Federal Influenza Center collects and automates the processing of weekly information from 24 cities on the number of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in  the total and diagnosed cases (according to polymerase chain  reaction) of influenza, RS virus and other acute respiratory viral  infections in children (0-2, 6, 7-14 years) and adults (15 years and  older).Results.The average annual incidence of influenza and ARVI, RS virus and Rhino-viral infections, Paragripp and Adenovirus, Boca, Meta and coronas-viral infections in total and in age groups is  shown. The structure of the total incidence of influenza and ARVI in  the population is presented. An increase in the proportion of acute  respiratory viral infections not influenza etiology with a decrease in  age, especially, in children 0–2 years old (up to 16.2%) is shown.Conclusions. Differences in the total incidence of influenza and ARVI and RS infections by age groups, in districts and cities, and in  different years have been revealed The earlier onset of incidence of  RS infection and the onset of the peak in Khabarovsk and Chita are  revealed earlier than in Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg in all 3 observation seasons.

scholarly journals Are Respiratory Viruses Involved in Preseasonal Symptoms or Severity in Japanese Cedar Pollinosis?

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. ar.2016.7.0157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokuni Otsuka ◽  
Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi ◽  
Hirokazu Kimura ◽  
Ikuo Takanashi ◽  
Kimihiro Okubo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Japanese Cedar ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Japanese Cedar Pollinosis ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
The Relationship

Background Respiratory virus infections are involved in asthma exacerbations. However, there are no reports of the relationship between respiratory virus infections and Japanese cedar pollinosis. Objective We studied the relationship between respiratory viral infection and the appearance of preseasonal symptoms and the severity of seasonal symptoms in Japanese cedar pollinosis. Methods In 36 patients with asthma and with no symptoms (PreAsyP) and 54 patients with asthma and with symptoms (PreSyP) before the cedar pollen shedding commenced (preseason), and 37 patients with mild-to-moderate severity (InMild/Mod) and 45 patients with severe to extreme severity (InSev/Ext) after cedar shedding commenced (in season), the occurrence of respiratory viruses and nasal smear cytology were examined. Results In total, seven infections with respiratory viruses were detected among the subjects. Human rhinovirus (HRV) C infection was detected in one subject in each of the PreAsyP and PreSyP groups, and one HRVA infection occurred in the InMild/Mod group. In the InSev/Ext group, one HRVA, one HRVC, one respiratory syncytial virus, and one human metapneumovirus were detected. There was no significant difference in the rate of detection of viral infections between the PreAsyP and the PreSyP groups (p = 0.077), and between the InMild/Mod group and the InSev/Ext group (p = 0.24, Wilcoxon rank sum test). When cells types in nasal smears were identified and their abundance examined, the rate of neutrophilia in the subjects in the PreSyP group was 54%, which was statistically higher (p < 0.01) than the subjects in the PreAsyP group (25%). Interestingly, in the subjects in the InSev/Ext group, the proportion of eosinophils (40%) was larger (p < 0.05) than in the subjects in the InMild/Mod group (19%). Conclusion These results provided no evidence that respiratory virus infections contributed to preseasonal symptoms and severity in season of Japanese cedar pollinosis. Nasal neutrophilia was related to preseasonal symptoms, whereas nasal eosinophilia was related to severity of symptoms during the pollen season.

Probiotics in the comprehensive prevention of respiratory infections in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.В. Николаева ◽  
Д.В. Усенко ◽  
Ю.Н. Хлыповка ◽  
А.В. Горелов
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Potential Clinical Benefit ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Вирусные инфекции дыхательных путей являются наиболее частой причиной инфекционных заболеваний, особенно у детей. В большинстве случаев, особенно при поражении верхних дыхательных путей, острые респираторные вирусные инфекции протекают в легкой или среднетяжелой форме и часто купируются самостоятельно. Фармакологические средства для лечения или профилактики данных инфекций у детей в настоящее время ограничены. Многочисленные исследования доказали эффективность пробиотиков в лечении и профилактике заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта, таких как инфекционные и антибиотик-ассоциированные диареи, диареи путешественников, некротизирующий энтероколит, инфекция Helicobacter pylori, а также атопических заболеваний. Становится актуальным изучение эффективности пробиотиков в качестве средств профилактики острых респираторных инфекций среди детей и взрослых. Данные in vitro демонстрируют, что пробиотики обладают штаммоспецифическим иммуномодулирующим действием на иммунные клетки. Показано, что пробиотики эффективны в подавлении репликации различных респираторных вирусов, включая вирусы гриппа и респираторно-синцитиальный вирус. Подобные эффекты были продемонстрированы на мышах, было показано, что пробиотики способны снижать титры вируса в тканях легких и модулировать экспрессию противовирусных и провоспалительных генов до и после вирусной инфекции. Доклинические исследования также показывают уменьшение симптомов заболевания у мышей, что указывает на потенциальную клиническую пользу. Данные литературы по изучению применения пробиотиков и синбиотиков при вирусных инфекциях респираторного тракта показывают, что их использование связано с более низкой частотой и меньшей продолжительностью легких форм респираторной инфекции как у детей, так и у взрослых. Целесообразно дальнейшее проведение исследований для получения адекватных выводов об эффективности пробиотиков и синбиотиков при острых респираторных инфекциях. Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common cause of infectious diseases, especially in children. In most cases, especially when the upper respiratory tract is affected, acute respiratory viral infections are mild to moderate and often stop spontaneously. Pharmacological agents for the treatment or prevention of these infections in children are currently limited. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, Helicobacter pylori infection, as well as atopic diseases. It is becoming urgent to study the effectiveness of probiotics as prophylactic agents for acute respiratory infections. among children and adults. In vitro data demonstrate that probiotics have strain-specific immunomodulatory effects on immune cells. Probiotics have been shown to be effective in suppressing the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of probiotics to reduce viral titers in lung tissues and modulate the expression of antiviral and pro-inflammatory genes before and after viral infection. Preclinical studies also show improvement in symptoms in mice, indicating potential clinical benefit. Literature data on the use of probiotics and synbiotics for viral infections of the respiratory tract show that their use is associated with a lower frequency and duration of mild forms of respiratory infection in both children and adults. It is advisable to further conduct research necessary to obtain adequate conclusions about the effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in acute respiratory infections.

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