scholarly journals Case, Concord and the Emergence of Default

Languages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Luis López
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Case Morphology ◽  
Case Concord ◽  
Feature Percolation

This article provides initial evidence that the head K, which may spell out as case morphology, drives the operations of concord within the noun phrase. Evidence for this claim comes from three code-switching varieties: Basque/Spanish, German/Turkish and Russian/Kazakh. By placing the switch at the border between case morphology and the rest of the noun phrase the properties of K can be isolated and inspected. We find that if K is drawn from the lexicon of a non-concord language, constituents within the noun phrase adopt a default morphology. It is suggested that the data presented in this paper provide evidence for approaches that take Concord to be a form of Agree (probe, goal) and against an approach that takes it to be the result of feature percolation from the bottom up. An analysis of default morphology is proposed that argues that default forms are inserted as vocabulary items in syntactic terminals that, as a result of a failure of Agree, are populated with unvalued features.

scholarly journals Code-switching within the noun phrase: Evidence from three corpora

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
Marianne Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Research Questions

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study aims to improve our understanding of common switching patterns by examining determiner–noun–adjective complexes in code-switching (CS) in three language pairs (Welsh–English, Spanish–English and Papiamento–Dutch). The languages differ in gender and noun–adjective word order in the noun phrase (NP): (a) Spanish, Welsh, and Dutch have gender; English and Papiamento do not; (b) Spanish, Welsh, and Papiamento prefer post-nominal adjectives; Dutch and English, prenominal ones. We test predictions on determiner language and adjective order derived from generativist accounts and the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) approach. Design/methodology/approach: We draw on three publicly available spoken corpora. For the purposes of these analyses, we re-coded all three datasets identically. From the three re-coded corpora we extracted all monolingual and mixed simplex NPs (DetN) and complex NPs with determiners (determiner–adjective–noun (DetAN/NA)). We then examined the surrounding clause for each to determine the matrix language based on the finite verb. Data and analysis: We analysed the data using a linear regression model in R statistical software to examine the distribution of languages across word class and word order in the corpora. Findings/conclusions: Overall, the generativist predictions are borne out regarding adjective positions but not determiners and the MLF accounts for more of the data. We explore extra-linguistic explanations for the patterns observed. Originality: The current study has provided new empirical data on nominal CS from language pairs not previously considered. Significance/implications: This study has revealed robust patterns across three corpora and taken a step towards disentangling two theoretical accounts. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of comparing multiple language pairs using similar coding.

scholarly journals PARSING TWITTER MENGGUNAKAN METODE LEFT-CORNER PARSING DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN POS TAGGER

Repositor ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Dyah Anitia ◽  
Yuda Munarko ◽  
Yufis Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Left Corner ◽  
Pos Tagger ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

AbstrakPada penelitian ini dilakukan investigasi parser dengan pendekatan left-corner untuk data tweet bahasa Indonesia. Total koleksi tweet sebanyak 850 tweet yang dibagi menjadi tiga kumpulan data, yakni data train POS Tagger, data train dan data uji. Left-corner menggabungkan dua metode yakni top-down dan bottom-up. Dimana top-down digunakan pada proses pengenalan kelas kata dan bottom-up digunakan pada proses pengenalan struktur kalimat. Adapun jenis tag yang digunakan dalam proses top-down berjumlah 23 tagset dan frasa  yang digunakan untuk menentukan struktur kalimat frasa yakni frasa nomina, frasa verbal, frasa adjektiva, frasa adverbia dan frasa preposisional. Hasilnya adalah untuk pendekatan left corner mencapai nilai precision 88,29%, nilai recall 68,3% dan F1 measure 77,02%. Nilai yang diperoleh dengan pendekatan left-corner lebih besar dibandingkan nilai dengan pendekatan bottom-up. Hasil dari nilai yang diperoleh dengan bottom up mencapai nilai precision 68,79%, nilai recall 47,12% dan F1 measure 55,9%. Hal ini disebabkan penggunaan kelas kata pada proses top-down berpengaruh pada sturuktur kalimat pada proses bottom up.AbstractIn this research, we investigated parser with left-corner parser approach for data tweet in Indonesian language. The data used was consisted of 850 tweets which divided for into three data set, that is data train for POS Tagger, data train for parser and data test. The left-corner combines two methods, top-down and bottom-up methods. Top-down  used for processes a sequence of words, and attaches a part of speech tag to each and bottom-up used for processes a sentence structure. We used 41 tags and the pharse used to define the sentence structure is noun phrase, verbal phrase, adjective pharse, adverd phrase and prepositional pharse. The result was that precision 88,29%,  recall 68,3% and F1 measure 77,02% of left-corner approach. The value obtained by the left-corner approach is greater than the value with the bottom-up approach. The result was that precision 68,29%,  recall 47,12% and F1 measure 55,9% of bottom-up approach. This is because the use of word class in top-down process affect the sentence structure in the bottom up process. that is because the use of word class in top-down process affect the sentence structure in the bottom up process.

Pied Piping, Feature Percolation and the Structure of the Noun Phrase

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Cowper
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Structural Index ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Feature Percolation

Ross (1967) showed that in relative clauses, not only may the WH-phrase be fronted, but an NP or PP containing the WH-phrase may also be fronted, as shown in (1): (1)a.This is the child [who]i I’ve been hearing stories about ti.b.This is the child [about whom]i I’ve been hearing stories ti.c.This is the child [stories about whom]i I’ve been hearing ti.Ross called this phenomenon “pied piping”. His statement of the pied piping convention is given in (2).(2)Any transformation which is stated in such a way as to effect the reordering of some specified node NP, where this node is preceded and followed by variables in the structural index of the rule, may apply to this NP or to any non-coordinate NP which dominates it, as long as there are no occurrences of any coordinate node, nor of the node S, on the branch connecting the higher node and the specified node. (1967:114)Notice that Ross’s statement applies to any transformation moving an element over a variable. Thus, the prediction is that WH-questions and relative clauses should behave similarly with respect to pied piping. This is not the case, as pointed out by Bresnan (1976:37). Questions seem to be much more limited in what can be pied piped than are relative clauses.

scholarly journals Grammtical Code Switching in The English Department Proposal Seminar

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Rakhmat Wahyudin Sagala
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
English Department ◽  
Proper Noun ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Field Note ◽  
English Competence ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The fundamental characteristics of the lecturers and the students in the English Department should use English. Lack of English competence is widely considered to be the major cause of code switching. The aim of our work to broaden current knowledge of the phenomenon of grammatical code switching in the English Department proposal seminar at STKIP Budidaya Binjai. This study applied descriptive qualitative research with the data from the utterances of the lecturers and the students during the process of proposal seminar. The data were obtained from observation, interview, and field note. Grammatical code switching in the English Department proposal seminar were tag code switching consisted of 12 utterances, inter-sentential code switching consisted of 15 utterances, intra-sentential code switching consisted of 19 utterances, proper noun and noun phrase consisted of 7 utterances, negative words consisted of 4 utterances, languages similarity consisted of 11 utterances and discourse marker consisted of 16 utterances. It can be concluded that grammatical code switching occurs in the English Department proposal seminar process

scholarly journals Codes of teenage characters and mama in their talks portraying the sociolinguistic features

LEKSIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Ajar Pradika Ananta Tur ◽  
Shella Antoro Putri
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Code switching and code mixing have become a trend in teenagers’ communication today. Not only in communicating, code switching and code mixing also influence the author’s style in writing novels. However, recently, it is not easy to define which is code switching or code mixing because the occurrence of the codes is very tight recently. The characters in the novel often do codes at least Indonesian-English. The objectives of this study are to find out the form of codes and the sociolinguistic features of the characters in Refrain novel. This research uses descriptive qualitative design from collecting the data until analyzing them. The result of the analysis yields some forms of codes spoken by the characters in the novel. The forms are sentence, clause, phrases like noun phrase & verb phrase, and words like noun, verb, adjective, & adverb. The other problem indicating their social background reflects the sociolinguistic features of the characters. They are education, family, friendship, and occupation.

The parameters of case marking and spell out driven movement

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 32-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Caha
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Functional Sequence ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Case Morphology

This paper proposes that case decomposes into a number of separate functional projections, which are ordered in a universal functional sequence. Cross-linguistic variation in position and complexity of case morphology is then accounted for in terms of differential noun phrase movement within the invariant sequence (Cinque 2005). I further investigate the possibility that variation in movement may be reduced to variation in the shape of the actual lexical entries. In order to implement this idea, the model of cyclic spell out by Starke (2009b) is adopted. In this model, each step of external merge is followed by lexical access. Consequently, evacuation movements may be triggered after each step of external merge in order for successful lexicalization to take place. Keywords: agglutination; case; case paradigm; flexion; lexicon; movement; nanosyntax; parameter; phrasal spell out; variation

scholarly journals A Crosslinguistic Study of Child Code-Switching within the Noun Phrase: A Usage-Based Perspective

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Gaskins Dorota ◽  
Oksana Bailleul ◽  
Anne Marie Werner ◽  
Antje Endesfelder Quick
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
English Child ◽  
Structural Equivalence ◽  
English Articles ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
Naturalistic Interactions

This paper aims to investigate whether language use can account for the differences in code-switching within the article-noun phrase in children exposed to English and German, French and Russian, and English and Polish. It investigates two aspects of language use: equivalence and segmentation. Four children’s speech is derived from corpora of naturalistic interactions recorded between the ages of two and three and used as a source of the children’s article-noun phrases. We demonstrate that children’s CS cannot be fully explained by structural equivalence in each two languages: there is CS in French-Russian although French does, and Russian does not, use articles. We also demonstrate that language pairs which use higher numbers of articles types, and therefore have more segmented article-noun phrases, are also more open to switching. Lastly, we show that longitudinal use of monolingual articles-noun phrases corresponds with the trends in the use of bilingual article-noun phrases. The German-English child only starts to mix English articles once they become more established in monolingual combinations while the French-Russian child ceases to mix French proto-articles with Russian nouns once target articles enter frequent use. These findings are discussed in the context of other studies which report code-switching across different language pairs.

scholarly journals Structural and Extralinguistic Aspects of Code-Switching: Evidence From Papiamentu-Dutch Auditory Sentence Matching

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luuk Suurmeijer ◽  
M. Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
Marianne Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Structural Effect ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
Sentence Matching

Despite a wealth of studies on effects of switch locations in code-switching (CS), we know relatively little about how structural factors such as switch location and extralinguistic factors such as directionality preferences may jointly modulate CS (cf., Stell and Yapko, 2015). Previous findings in the nominal domain suggest that within-constituent switching (within the noun phrase) may be easier to process than between-constituent switching (a structural effect), and that there may also be directionality effects with switches preferred only in one language direction (an extra-linguistic effect). In this study we examine a different domain, namely how VP-external (preverbal) vs. VP-internal (postverbal) switch location and switch directionality affects the processing of Papiamentu–Dutch mixed subject-verb-object (SVO) sentences. We manipulated switch location (preverbal/postverbal), and directionality of switch (PD/DP) and tested 50 Papiamentu–Dutch bilinguals on an auditory sentence matching task. The results from the mixed conditions showed no effect of switch location. Instead, we found only an effect of directionality and in an unexpected direction for this population, with switches from Dutch to Papiamentu being processed faster than switches from Papiamentu to Dutch regardless of switch location. The results highlight the importance of taking extralinguistic factors into account, but also the challenges of studying CS, particularly in lesser studied speech communities, and the need for a data-driven, cross-disciplinary approach to the study of CS.

Code-switching

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Gardner-Chloros
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching
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