scholarly journals Ecoacoustics: A Quantitative Approach to Investigate the Ecological Role of Environmental Sounds

Mathematics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almo Farina
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Quantitative Metrics ◽  
Ecological Complexity

Ecoacoustics is a recent ecological discipline focusing on the ecological role of sounds. Sounds from the geophysical, biological, and anthropic environment represent important cues used by animals to navigate, communicate, and transform unknown environments in well-known habitats. Sounds are utilized to evaluate relevant ecological parameters adopted as proxies for biodiversity, environmental health, and human wellbeing assessment due to the availability of autonomous audio recorders and of quantitative metrics. Ecoacoustics is an important ecological tool to establish an innovative biosemiotic narrative to ensure a strategic connection between nature and humanity, to help in-situ field and remote-sensing surveys, and to develop long-term monitoring programs. Acoustic entropy, acoustic richness, acoustic dissimilarity index, acoustic complexity indices (ACItf and ACIft and their evenness), normalized difference soundscape index, ecoacoustic event detection and identification routine, and their fractal structure are some of the most popular indices successfully applied in ecoacoustics. Ecoacoustics offers great opportunities to investigate ecological complexity across a full range of operational scales (from individual species to landscapes), but requires an implementation of its foundations and of quantitative metrics to ameliorate its competency on physical, biological, and anthropic sonic contexts.

scholarly journals Potential forMethanosarcinato contribute to uranium reduction during acetate-promoted groundwater bioremediation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn E Holmes ◽  
Roberto Orelana ◽  
Ludovic Giloteaux ◽  
Li-Ying Wang ◽  
Pravin Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Electron Donor ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Contaminated Groundwater ◽  
Subunit A ◽  
Sedimentary Environments

AbstractPrevious studies ofin situbioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater with acetate injections have focused on the role ofGeobacterspecies in U(VI) reduction because of a lack of other abundant known U(VI)-reducing microorganisms. Monitoring the levels of methyl CoM reductase subunit A (mcrA) transcripts during an acetate-injection field experiment demonstrated that acetoclastic methanogens from the genusMethanosarcinawere enriched after 40 days of acetate amendment. The increased abundance ofMethanosarcinacorresponded with an accumulation of methane in the groundwater. An enrichment culture dominated by aMethanosarcinaspecies with the sameMethanosarcina mcrAsequence that predominated in the field experiment could effectively convert acetate to methane. In order to determine whetherMethanosarcinaspecies could be participating in U(VI) reduction in the subsurface, cell suspensions ofM. barkeriwere incubated in the presence of U(VI) with acetate provided as the electron donor. U(VI) was reduced by metabolically activeM. barkericells, however, no U(VI) reduction was observed in inactive controls. These results demonstrate thatMethanosarcinaspecies could play an important role in the long-term bioremediation of uranium-contaminated aquifers after depletion of Fe(III) oxides limits the growth ofGeobacterspecies. The results also suggest thatMethanosarcinahave the potential to influence uranium geochemistry in a diversity of anaerobic sedimentary environments.

Money as a Marker of Cultural Continuity and Change in Central Asia

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOE CRIBB
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Continuity And Change

This chapter examines the role of coins or money as a marker of cultural continuity and change in Central Asia. It explores the full range of surviving coins to create an overview of coinage in the region and suggests that the origins and progress of coinage in ancient Central Asia can be seen as creating for the region an emerging tradition framing both the long-term and the innovative elements which characterize the coins of the region as contributors to a unified pattern. The findings reveal that, for more than 1,000 years, the coinages of ancient Central Asia were part of a continuous tradition which illustrated the Greek and Iranian cultures of the region combined with the strong adherence of local settled communities to their nomad origins.

Adaptation to calcium deprivation in the rat: effects of parathyroidectomy.

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (3) ◽  
pp. E336
Author(s):  
J T Pento ◽  
L C Waite ◽  
P J Tracy ◽  
A D Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Calcium Transport ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Calcium

The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the adaptive response in gut calcium transport to calcium deprivation has been studied in the rat using both the in vitro everted duodenal sac and the in situ ligated duodenal segment technique. Intact or parathyroidectomized (PTX) young rats were placed on a low calcium (0.01%) diet for 7-, 14-, or 21-day adaptation periods and compared with control rats maintained on a high calcium (1.5%) diet. Prior PTX (3 days before the start of the adaptation period) abolished the adaptive response (enhanced calcium transport) induced by calcium deprivation for a 7-day adaptation period, but did not abolish a response after a 21-day period. A 14-day adaptation period gave equivocal results. It is concluded that PTH appears to be necessary for short-term (7-day) adaptation, but not for long-term (21-day) adaptation to calcium deprivation. However, if accessory parathyroid tissue is present, the data could be interpreted differently: the essentiality of PTH for the adaptive response might be independent of the length of the adaptation period. The data also contribute to a possible resolution of the controversy concerning the involvement of PTH in the regulation of intestinal calcium transport in the rat.

Long-term maintenance capecitabine and celecoxib improved clinical outcomes by targeting colorectal cancer micrometastasis

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 14513-14513
Author(s):  
M. Zhang ◽  
S. Curley ◽  
C. Ng ◽  
B. Kurland ◽  
S. Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Stage Iv Disease ◽  
Disease Site ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

14513 Background: Role of mainteance therapy after achieving complete response (CR) remain undefined for patients with metasatic colorectal cancer. We studied prognostic and treatment factors including maintenance capecitabine and celecoxib (XCEL) in all 19 unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer patients (pts) who had CR from the prior XCEL study. Methods: Event charts are used to summarize the timeline of the various treatments. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and univariate log-rank tests were used to evaluate RFS and OS as time from CR. Prognostic and treatment factors included: tumor size, metastasis number (9 solitary disease), site (13 being extrahepatic), stage on diagnosis (stage II versus III/IV), disease free interval prior to stage IV disease, surgery (5 R0, 3 R1–2 resections), lactate dehydrogenase levels, first-line irinotecan chemotherapy, radiation (9 pts ≥ 45 Gy, 3 Pts < 45 Gy), and maintenance XCEL (duration 0–50.3 months). Results: Nine of 19 patients experienced recurrence (median 13 months after CR), and 4 died during the follow-up period (median 31 months after CR). The 2-year RFS for the unresected and R1–2 resected patients was 71% versus 20% for the R0 resected patients (p = 0.07). This paradoxical RFS pattern corresponded to a RFS advantage for maintenance XCEL (p = 0.002), but not any other prognostic or treatment factors. All relapses occurred in situ following discontinuation of XCEL except for the surgical cases. Patients undergoing maintenance XCEL also benefited in OS (p = 0.04). The median OS from XCEL and from onset of metastasis reached 51.9 months (95% CI, 45 months- not reached [NR]) and 73.3 months (95% CI, NR-NR months) respectively. Conclusions: Maintenance XCEL targets colorectal micrometastases and produces a paradoxical RFS and OS advantage among the high-risk unresected/R1–2 resected patients than R0 resected patients. Prospective studies are warranted to validate roles of maintenance XCEL in the treatment of colorectal micrometastases. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Persistence and nontarget effects of Bacillusthuringiensis in soil: a review

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2329-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Addison
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Soil Ecosystem ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Nontarget Effects

This review presents information on the occurrence, persistence and nontarget effects of Bacillusthuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) in soil, with particular emphasis on forest ecosystems. Both field and laboratory studies have confirmed that B.t. is able to survive for several years after spraying, but studies on long-term persistence and possible accumulation of spores in soils are inadequate. The ecological role of B.t. in the soil ecosystem is poorly understood; we do not even know where and under what conditions B.t. multiplies in nature. Information on the effects of B.t. on soil microflora is contradictory, with studies variously suggesting that B.t. caused an increase, a decrease, or did not affect indigenous bacterial populations. Toxicity of B.t. to species of several invertebrate taxa (Acarina, Nematoda, Collembola, Annelida, Hymenoptera) inhabiting the soil has been demonstrated, but only rarely is it possible to relate dosage information to field situations, and in many cases the B.t. subspecies tested are not currently used for pest control in North America. There is an urgent need for further research to elucidate the relationships between B.t. and the natural soil microflora and fauna.

scholarly journals The Corinth Rift Laboratory or an in situ Investigation on Interactions between Fluids and Active Faults

2007 ◽  
Vol SpecialIssue ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Cornet
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Deformation Process ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Localization Of Deformation

Earthquakes result from the sudden acceleration of a preliminary long-term slow deformation process. The objective of the Corinth Rift Laboratory (CRL) is to investigate <i>in situ</i> this quasistatic deformation process and mechanisms leading to a sudden catastrophic acceleration. Of particular interest is the characterization of the structure of the deforming zones and of the progressive localization of deformation. Special attention is given to the role of fluids but also on the influence of faults on regional fluid flow <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.s01.20.2007" target="_blank">10.2204/iodp.sd.s01.20.2007</a>

Long-term regulation of urea transporter expression by vasopressin in Brattleboro rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. F620-F627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chairat Shayakul ◽  
Craig P. Smith ◽  
Harald S. Mackenzie ◽  
Wen-Sen Lee ◽  
Dennis Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treated Group ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Brattleboro Rats ◽  
Urea Transporter ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Regulation of urea concentration in the renal medullary interstitium is important for maintenance of hypertonicity and therefore the osmotic driving force for water reabsorption. Studies in Sprague-Dawley rats showed that restriction of water intake for 3 days results in upregulation of urea transporter (UT) mRNA in the inner stripe of outer medulla of the kidney (2.9-kb UT2) but not in the inner medulla (4.0-kb UT1). The present study was performed to investigate the role of vasopressin in long-term regulation of UT1 and UT2 in neurogenic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro) rats treated with a 7-day continuous infusion of [Arg8]-vasopressin (AVP), [deamino-Cys1,d-Arg8]-vasopressin (dDAVP) or vehicle. Northern analysis showed that water restriction alone had no effect on the level of UT2 mRNA in vehicle-treated Brattleboro rats but UT2 mRNA markedly increased and UT1 mRNA modestly decreased after treatment with dDAVP. In situ hybridization further demonstrated that the UT2 signal is upregulated and spread along the descending thin limbs of loops of Henle and that UT1 signal is downregulated in the inner medullary collecting ducts in vasopressin-treated rats, with a greater response for dDAVP compared with the AVP-treated group. Immunocytochemistry studies revealed that the UT1 and UT2 proteins are also modified in the same pattern as the transcript changes. Our studies reveal the role of vasopressin in long-term regulation of UT1 and UT2 expression during water restriction.

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