scholarly journals The Impact of Regulatory Reforms on Demand Weighted Average Prices

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1112
Author(s):  
Sherzod N. Tashpulatov
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Volatility Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wholesale Electricity Market ◽  
Model Residuals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regulatory Reforms

Average prices are popularly used in the literature on price modeling. Calculating daily or weekly prices as an average over hourly or half-hourly trading periods assumes the same weight ignoring demand or traded volumes during those periods. Analyzing demand weighted average prices is important if producers may affect prices by decreasing them during low-demand periods and increasing them during high-demand periods within a day. The prediction of this price manipulation might have motivated the regulatory authority to introduce price caps not only on annual average prices but also on annual demand weighted average prices in the England and Wales wholesale electricity market. The dynamics of demand weighted average prices of electricity has been analyzed little in the literature. We show that skew generalized error distribution (SGED) is the appropriate assumption for model residuals. The estimated volatility model is used for evaluating the impact of regulatory reforms on demand weighted average prices during the complete history of the England and Wales wholesale electricity market.

Detecting the impact of fundamentals and regulatory reforms on the Greek wholesale electricity market using a SARMAX/GARCH model

Energy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 1083-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Papaioannou ◽  
Christos Dikaiakos ◽  
Athanasios S. Dagoumas ◽  
Anargyros Dramountanis ◽  
Panagiotis G. Papaioannou
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Garch Model ◽  
Wholesale Electricity Market ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regulatory Reforms

scholarly journals Aortic Hemodynamics and Cognitive Performance in Postmenopausal Women: Impact of Pregnancy History

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 756-764
Author(s):  
Kathleen B Miller ◽  
Julie A Fields ◽  
Ronée E Harvey ◽  
Brian D Lahr ◽  
Kent R Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Pregnancy History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aortic Hemodynamics ◽  
Aortic Hemodynamic

Abstract BACKGROUND Studies demonstrate an association between aortic hemodynamics and cognitive function. The impact of pregnancy history on this association is unknown. METHODS Postmenopausal women (age 59 ± 5 years; years since last pregnancy 35 ± 3) with either a history of preeclampsia (PE; n = 34) or a history of a normotensive pregnancy (NP; n = 30) underwent cognitive testing: Letter-Number Sequencing, Digit Span, Trail Making Test, and letter and category fluency. Applanation tonometry was used to derive aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressure and augmentation index. RESULTS Distribution of cognitive scores and aortic hemodynamic measures was similar between the PE and NP groups. Principal component (PC) analysis was used to reduce the 3 aortic hemodynamic measures and the 5 cognitive variables to single summary indices, each representing a weighted average of their respective constituent variables. Using a multivariable linear model based on these PCs that adjusted for pregnancy history and body mass index, the composite index of aortic hemodynamics was associated with the summary cognitive index, whether taking into account a potential interaction with pregnancy history (P = 0.035) or not (P = 0.026) (interaction P = 0.178). Multivariable modeling of individual cognitive tests revealed a differential association for letter fluency by pregnancy history (test for interaction P = 0.023); this score correlated with the aortic hemodynamic index in the PE (partial R2 = 0.20), but not the NP (partial R2 = 0.00) group. CONCLUSIONS Elevated aortic hemodynamics may negatively impact cognitive function in postmenopausal women with specific executive functions, such as letter fluency, being impacted more by a pregnancy history of PE.

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