scholarly journals Influence of Ozone Treatment on Ultrafiltration Performance and Nutrient Flow in a Membrane Based Nutrient Recovery Process from Anaerobic Digestate

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Gienau ◽  
Artjom Ehrmanntraut ◽  
Matthias Kraume ◽  
Sandra Rosenberger
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Biogas Plants

Membrane filtration of biological suspensions is frequently limited by fouling. This mechanism is well understood for ultrafiltration of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. A rather young application of ultrafiltration is the recovery of nutrients from anaerobic digestates, e.g., from agricultural biogas plants. A process chain of solid/liquid separation, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmoses separates the digestate into different products: an organic N-P-fertilizer (solid digestate), a recirculate (UF retentate), a liquid N-K-fertilizer (RO retentate) and water. Despite the preceding particle removal, high crossflow velocities are required in the ultrafiltration step to overcome fouling. This leads to high operation costs of the ultrafiltration step and often limits the economical application of the complete process chain. In this study, under-stoichiometric ozone treatment of the ultrafiltration feed stream is investigated. Ozone treatment reduced the biopolymer concentration and apparent viscosity of different digestate centrates. Permeabilities of centrate treated with ozone were higher than without ozone treatment. In a laboratory test rig and in a pilot plant operated at the site of two full scale biogas plants, ultrafiltration flux could be improved by 50–80% by ozonation. Nutrient concentrations in the fertilizer products were not affected by ozone treatment.

EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION ON SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A LOAM IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. BIEDERBECK ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Rotation Length ◽  
Continuous Type ◽  
Mineralizable N ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable N

Effects of rotation length, fallow-substitute crops, and N and P fertilizer on some physical and biological properties of a Brown Chernozemic loam in southwestern Saskatchewan were determined over a period of 16 yr. After 12 yr, the erodible fraction in the top 15 cm of soil (i.e., < 0.84 mm) was inversely related to trash conserved and thus rotation length. Soil organic N (in the top 15 cm) increased from 0.18 to 0.20% in continuous-type rotations receiving an average 32 kg N∙ha−1∙yr−1 and adequate P, but it did not increase in continuous wheat receiving P only, nor in fallow rotations, except the one that included fall rye (Secale cereale L.). This N increase was credited partly to fertilizer and partly to more efficient use and cycling of subsoil NO3-N via plant roots and crop residues. After 10 yr, well-fertilized continuous-type rotations had a 13% greater C content than fallow rotations and continuous wheat receiving only P. In the top 7.5 cm of soil under the four rotations examined in detail, bacterial numbers were lowest in fallow-wheat, intermediate in fallow-wheat-wheat, higher in continuous wheat receiving N and P, and highest in continuous wheat receiving only P. Similarly, microbial biomass C in these four rotations was 180, 226, 217 and 357 kg∙ha−1; biomass N was 52, 65, 54 and 72 kg∙ha−1; and biomass C/N ratios were 3.4, 3.5, 4.1 and 5.1, respectively. Differences in biomass C/N, respiration rates and numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and yeasts indicated both quantitative and qualitative microbial changes and reflected increasing rotation length and differences in fertility. Potentially mineralizable N (No) was 192 kg∙ha−1 for adequately fertilized continuous wheat, and exceeded No in fallow-wheat by 45%, in fallow-wheat-wheat by 17% and in continuous wheat receiving only P by 25%. The latter rotation contained a large but fairly inactive microbial population. We concluded that land degradation caused by frequent summerfallowing can be arrested and the decline in amount and quality of organic matter reversed by use of available agronomic technology. Key words: Microbial biomass, microbial activity, potentially mineralizable N, respiration, soil erodibility

scholarly journals Makro- és mikroelem-tartalom összehasonlítása almaültetvények talajában

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Tamás Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Humus Content ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Total N ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Organic Orchards

In a three-year study carried out at the Debrecen-Pallagi nursery of the University of Debrecen, the nutrient contents, humus content and pH of the soil were determined in integrated and organic apple orchards established on brown forest soil with thin interstratified layers of colloid and sesquioxide accumulation. The organic orchard was only given organic manure (50 t/ha) in spring 2000 and 2002, while the integrated orchard was treated with 250 kg/ha complex NPK fertilizer (16.5-16.5-16.5) every year between 1997 and 2003 after the leaves had fallen. An additional 50 kg/ha N active agent as NH 4 NO 3 was applied every year, while 4 t/ha lime fertilizer (carbonation mud) was provided in autumn 2002 and 25 t/ha organic manure in November 2003. In 2004 no fertilizer was given to either orchard. The available forms of N (NO 3- , NH 4+ , organic N and total N) and P (ortho-, organic and total-PO 43- ) were determined after extraction with 0.01 M CaCl 2 , while the Ca, Mg and microelement (Mn, Cu, Zn) content of the soil was extracted with NH 4 -acetate +EDTA (Lakanen-Erviö extractant). Potassium was measured in both extractants. The results showed that the inorganic, organic and total soluble nitrogen in the soil were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the integrated orchard than in the organic one. It was found that the quantity and ratio of the organic N fraction was comparable with that of the inorganic N forms. The ortho- phosphate and total P fractions were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the integrated apple orchard than in the organic orchard, while there was no significant difference in the organic P quantity. The potassium data showed that both the integrated and organic orchards contained a satisfactory amount of adsorbed K in spite of the poor colloid content and high soil acidity. The Ca, Mg, Co and Zn contents of the integrated soils were significantly higher (P = 0.05) than in the organic orchard. For Mn, however, no substantial difference was found between the integrated and organic orchards. With the exception of Mn, the nutrient concentrations reflected the differences in the nutrient management of the integrated and organic apple orchards.

scholarly journals Membrane Filtration Enhanced Hydrometallurgical Recovery Process of Indium from Waste LCD Panels

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-588
Author(s):  
Jussi Lahti ◽  
Sergio Vazquez ◽  
Sami Virolainen ◽  
Mika Mänttäri ◽  
Mari Kallioinen
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Indium Content ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Fast Kinetics ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Extraction Step ◽  
Dissolved Organic Compounds ◽  
Filtration Unit

Abstract Insufficient recycling of a continuously increasing amount of liquid crystal display (LCD) waste leads to the waste of potentially recyclable materials, especially rare and critical indium. Moreover, landfilling of LCD waste increases the potential for environmental risk. This paper describes a recycling process combining membrane filtration unit processes to hydrometallurgical indium recovery process. The LCD panels were crushed and leached with 1 M H2SO4. 97.4% yields on average were obtained, and a novel finding was made about fast kinetics (2 min for the maximum indium yield). Ultrafiltration was used to remove the dissolved organic material from the leachate, which was concentrated with nanofiltration before liquid–liquid extraction for indium purification. The results showed that commercial polymeric membranes removed more than 90% (from over 3000 mg/L to under 200 mg/L) of the dissolved organic compounds, thus potentially significantly diminishing the detriments caused by these compounds in the liquid–liquid extraction step. The concentration of the leachate with nanofiltration enables the use of smaller processing equipment and to save chemicals in the further steps of the process. The indium content in the leachate was more than five times higher after nanofiltration than after leaching (126 mg/L vs. 677 mg/L). In liquid–liquid extraction, the phase separation took place in only 34 s with the membrane-treated leachate, while with the untreated leachate it remained incomplete even after three hours. The purity of indium was increased from 10 to 74%. From the obtained HCl solution, a 95.5% pure indium product with 69.3% yield was obtained by cementation. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Conceptual Mini-Catchment Typologies for Testing Dominant Controls of Nutrient Dynamics in Three Nordic Countries

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hashemi ◽  
Ina Pohle ◽  
Johannes W.M. Pullens ◽  
Henrik Tornbjerg ◽  
Katarina Kyllmar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Nutrient Export ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Export Behaviour

Optimal nutrient pollution monitoring and management in catchments requires an in-depth understanding of spatial and temporal factors controlling nutrient dynamics. Such an understanding can potentially be obtained by analysing stream concentration–discharge (C-Q) relationships for hysteresis behaviours and export regimes. Here, a classification scheme including nine different C-Q types was applied to a total of 87 Nordic streams draining mini-catchments (0.1–65 km2). The classification applied is based on a combination of stream export behaviour (dilution, constant, enrichment) and hysteresis rotational pattern (clock-wise, no rotation, anti-clockwise). The scheme has been applied to an 8-year data series (2010–2017) from small streams in Denmark, Sweden, and Finland on daily discharge and discrete nutrient concentrations, including nitrate (NO3−), total organic N (TON), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and particulate phosphorus (PP). The dominant nutrient export regimes were enrichment for NO3− and constant for TON, DRP, and PP. Nutrient hysteresis patterns were primarily clockwise or no hysteresis. Similarities in types of C-Q relationships were investigated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) considering effects of catchment size, land use, climate, and dominant soil type. The PCA analysis revealed that land use and air temperature were the dominant factors controlling nutrient C-Q types. Therefore, the nutrient export behaviour in streams draining Nordic mini-catchments seems to be dominantly controlled by their land use characteristics and, to a lesser extent, their climate.

The effect of phosphate and potash fertilizers on cut and grazed grassland

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Brockman ◽  
P. G. Shaw ◽  
K. M. Wolton
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
Experimental Management ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Grazed Swards ◽  
Grazed Grassland

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out over a 5-year period on a grass/clover sward at North Wyke to compare three methods of experimental management—individually grazed plots, communally grazed plots and cutting with removal of herbage. Responses to phosphate and potash fertilizers under each management were measured.P fertilizer increased grass yields in the first 4 years and decreased clover yields in the last 2. In almost all respects cut and grazed sward responded similarly to P. Fertilizer K had no effect on grass yield but markedly increased clover yield and raised herbage K content. Grazed swards developed a higher herbage K content than cut swards, and K fertilizer increased it more in the fourth and fifth years on the individually grazed than on the communally grazed plots. Thus communal grazing resulted in appreciable transfer of K from plot to plot in animal returns.It is concluded that whilst cutting management may be used for short-term experiments, its use in long-term experiments gives different results from grazing. Communal grazing can lead to the transfer of N and K effects from plot to plot, so that plots must be grazed individually except perhaps where P is the only variable nutrient.

Phosphorus chemical changes under soils over a period of agricultural intensification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Tweedie ◽  
Philip M. Haygarth ◽  
Anthony Edwards ◽  
Allan Lilly ◽  
Nikki Baggaley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
Organic P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Over Time

&lt;p&gt;The use of phosphorus (P) fertilizer has been one of the defining contributors to productive agriculture since the green revolution during the middle of the last century. However, these increased yields have come at the cost of dependency upon the declining resources of P rock reserves and eutrophication of water bodies downstream. In this context, it is important to understand the long-term effects of these P fertilizer additions on soil chemistry over ~50 years in order explain past and current patterns in fertilizer usage and so to better inform future soil management.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We tested the hypothesis that phosphorus forms and availability in mixed use (arable and grazed) agricultural soil have changed over a period of 50 to 80 years of agricultural intensification. Spatially matched samples of soil from 34 agricultural sites in North East (NE) Scotland were collected at two timepoints. The first samples were taken between 1951 and 1981 and in all cases the resampling took place in the autumn of 2017. The soils sampled were representative of agricultural soils in NE Scotland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The hypothesis was tested by employing a range of soil tests on the &amp;#8216;old&amp;#8217; and &amp;#8216;new&amp;#8217; time points.&amp;#160; These included water extraction for inorganic and organic P, nitrate and ammonium and dissolved organic carbon, acid ammonium oxalate extraction to investigate the soil P exchange complex and NaOH-EDTA extraction as a strong alkaline extractant which preserves organic P forms. Analysis by &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P NMR was conducted on the NaOH-EDTA extracts from 5 pairs of samples, to investigate the organic P chemistry of in greater detail.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phosphorus concentrations for stronger extractants (NaOH-EDTA, acid ammonium oxalate) did not increase significantly (P&lt;0.05) over time. However, water extraction results showed increases in total P (P&lt;0.01) and inorganic P but decreases in organic P. Additionally, analysis by &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P NMR detected changes between timepoints in &amp;#945;-glycero-phosphate and pyrophosphate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These results indicate that differences in the various chemical forms of P present in soil between the timepoints can be detected many decades apart. This indicates changes in the functioning of the P cycle in these soils under intensive agricultural land use over time. Knowledge of the P-cycling response of soils under agricultural land-use over decades provides an opportunity to understand changes in soil nutrient concentrations, balances and availability and inform studies seeking to improve the sustainable management of soil fertility.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effect of Preplant Irrigation, Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Timing, and Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob T. Bushong ◽  
D. Brian Arnall ◽  
William R. Raun
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Management ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer

Preplant irrigation can impact fertilizer management in winter wheat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the main and interactive effects of preplant irrigation, N fertilizer application timing, and different N, P, and K fertilizer treatments on grain yield and WUE. Several significant two-way interactions and main effects of all three factors evaluated were observed over four growing seasons for grain yield and WUE. These effects could be described by differences in rainfall and soil moisture content among years. Overall, grain yield and WUE were optimized, if irrigation or adequate soil moisture were available prior to planting. For rain-fed treatments, the timing of N fertilizer application was not as important and could be applied before planting or topdressed without much difference in yield. The application of P fertilizer proved to be beneficial on average years but was not needed in years where above average soil moisture was present. There was no added benefit to applying K fertilizer. In conclusion, N and P fertilizer management practices may need to be altered yearly based on changes in soil moisture from irrigation and/or rainfall.

Comparison of the effects of potassium fertilizer on the yield, potassium content and quality of 22 different vegetable and agricultural crops

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Greenwood ◽  
T. J. Cleaver ◽  
Mary K. Turner ◽  
J. Hunt ◽  
K. B. Niendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
General Relation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYSixty-one experiments with 15 levels of K fertilizer in the presence of excess N and P fertilizer were carried out on adjacent sites of the same field. Yield was always related to level of K fertilizer by a ‘diminishing returns’ type curve, and a derived equation, which defined relative responsiveness in terms of a single parameter, fitted the data for each crop very satisfactorily. Although the responsiveness of many of the crops was similar there were marked differences and the optimum levels of K (defined as the level at which a further 10 kg/ha increased yield by 1%) varied from 0 to 360 kg/ha, depending on the crop. Responsiveness was largely independent of the plant family to which the crop belonged, but was related to the mean plant weight atharvest; the larger the weight the less reponsive the crop. No general relation existed between responsiveness and duration of growth.The % K in the dry matter of leaves (including stems) at harvest of crops receiving the optimum levels of K fertilizer was mainly determined by the family. It was generally between 0·9 and 1·1 for the Amaryllidaceae, between 1·1 and 1·2 for the Leguminosae and between 1·9 and 2·5% for the Cruciferae. The difference between the % K in the dry matter with the optimum level of K fertilizer and that with no fertilizer was proportional to responsiveness. Percentage K at harvest was a good indicator of the extent to which crop growth was restricted by lack of potassium.At harvest crops receiving the optimum levels of K fertilizer contained between 29 and 220 kg/ha of K, but uptake increased asymptotically to a maximum as K applications were raised to higher levels. Maximum uptake for nearly all crops was almost double the uptake with the optimum fertilizer application.Percentage recovery of 100 kg/ha of added K fertilizer varied between 8 and 70%, roughly in proportion to the total crop dry weight, which varied between 1 and 15 t/ha.Effects of level of K fertilizer on crop quality were also measured and over the practical range of applications the effects were generally small.The differences between the K requirements of crops are discussed and it is argued that the responsiveness of one crop relative to that of another would be expected to be similar on a range of soils.

scholarly journals Assessment of the optimum fertilizer rates and planting density for soybean production in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jilong Lv ◽  
Ping He ◽  
Dan Wei ◽  
Xinpeng Xu ◽  
Shaojun Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Optimal Rate ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Effect On Yield

AbstractFertilization rate and planting density are important factors affecting crop yield. A large number of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] field experimental data (1998-2017) were collected through different database sources to evaluate the optimum fertilizer rate and planting density for high yield of spring and summer soybean in China. The yield of spring and summer soybean gradually increased over year, with their average yields were 2610 and 2724 kg ha−1, respectively. Based on the fitted quadratic curve, the optimal rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers for high yield of summer soybean was 96 kg N ha−1, 80 kg P2O5 ha−1, and 126 kg K2O ha−1, and the corresponding yields were 3038, 2801 and 2305 kg ha−1, respectively. The optimal rate of N, P and K fertilizers for spring soybean was 71 kg N ha-1, 108 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 74 kg K2O ha−1, and the corresponding yields were 2932, 2834 and 2678 kg ha−1, respectively. The optimum density was 27×104 and 34×104 plants ha−1 under high yield for summer and spring soybean, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the P fertilizer had the greatest influence on the spring soybean yield followed by K fertilizer and planting density. For summer soybean, population density had the major effect on yield followed by P fertilizer. Overall, the P fertilization and planting density should be payed attention to increase soybean yield in different regions of China.

scholarly journals Plant Nitrogen Uptake From Insect Frass Is Affected by the Nitrification Rate as Revealed by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor Watson ◽  
Timo Preißing ◽  
Florian Wichern
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
N Release

Insect protein production is considered a sustainable alternative to livestock protein which furthermore utilizes waste streams. Its production can have positive but also potentially negative environmental effects, which require evaluation. Frass, the byproduct of insect production, is regarded an efficient organic fertilizer or soil amendment. However, several studies report negative frass effects on plant growth and nitrogen (N) cycling. Therefore, a pot trial was carried out which sought to understand N release from frass and subsequent growth and nutrient uptake of Italian ryegrass. Mealworm frass (MWF) or buffalo worm frass (BFW) was applied at two rates (1.5 and 3% w/w) to a soil-sand mix. To evaluate N release processes, frass was applied alone, with a nitrification inhibitor (NI), a urease inhibitor (UI), or both (NI+UI). Plant N, nutrient uptake and soil inorganic N were measured at the experiment's end. To gauge whether altered N fluxes induced changes in the microbial community, soil microbial biomass, bacterial/archaeal abundances and ergosterol content as a fungal biomarker, were determined. Both frass types and application rates stimulated microbial growth and N mineralization. The 3% rate inhibited seed germination, possibly due to salinity or ammonia toxicity. At the 1.5% rate, both frass types were effective fertilizers. MWF led to higher biomass and nutrient uptake, owing to its higher extractable nutrient concentrations. The 3% rate caused nitrite accumulation in the absence of NI. NI improved plant biomass, nutrient uptake, stimulated archaeal and bacterial abundances and prevented nitrite accumulation. UI reduced N mineralization, showing that a substantial fraction of frass organic N is ureic. UI enhanced fungal contribution to the microbial biomass, revealing the importance of bacteria in frass N mineralization processes when UI is not applied. NI and UI combined, induced greater N release from frass than UI or NI alone. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of NI and UI in studying N release from frass. NI can improve plant N uptake and minimize N losses following frass application, reducing its potentially negative effects. UI can retard N release from frass, allowing its application as a slow-release fertilizer, but should not be used concurrently with NI.

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