Acute Caffeine Ingestion did not Enhance Punch Performance in Professional Mixed-Martial Arts Athletes

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where competitors utilize strikes (punches, kicks, knees, and elbows) and submission techniques to defeat opponents in a cage or ring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on punching performance by professional MMA athletes. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Eleven professional MMA competitors (27.6 ± 4.3 years and 83.5 ± 7.8 kg of body weight) ingested a dose of caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min prior to three sets of punching. Each set consisted of 15 s, at which participants were asked to perform straight punches with maximum strength and frequency with his dominant arm. After each set, a 45 s recovery time was applied. Using a force transducer attached to a cushioned plate, the punch frequency, and mean and maximal punch force was measured. The readiness to invest in both physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort was assessed prior to the protocol, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after. Caffeine ingestion did not result in increased punching frequency, mean and maximum punch force, RTIPE, RTIME, and RPE when compared to the placebo condition. Based on these results, acute caffeine ingestion did not improve punching performance in professional MMA athletes.

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Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Bicycle Motocross Time-Trial Performance

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0126 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 427-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amin Daneshfar ◽

Carl J. Petersen ◽

Majid S. Koozehchian ◽

Daniel E. Gahreman

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Chewing Gum ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Measure Analysis ◽

Repeated Measure Analysis

This study aimed to identify the acute effects of caffeinated chewing gum (CAF) on bicycle motocross (BMX) time-trial (TT) performance. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over design, 14 male BMX riders (age = 20.0 ± 3.3 years; height = 1.78 ± 0.04 m; body mass = 72 ± 4 kg), consumed either (300 mg; 4.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg) caffeinated (300 mg caffeine, 6 g sugars) or a placebo (0 mg caffeine, 0 g sugars) gum, and undertook three BMX TTs. Repeated-measure analysis revealed that CAF has a large ergogenic effect on TT time, F(1, 14) = 33.570, p = .001, ; −1.5% ± 0.4 compared with the placebo. Peak power and maximal power to weight ratio also increased significantly compared with the placebo condition, F(1, 14) = 54.666, p = .001, ; +3.5% ± 0.6, and F(1, 14) = 57.399, p = .001, ; +3% ± 0.3, respectively. Rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower F(1, 14) = 25.020, p = .001, in CAF (6.6 ± 1.3) compared with the placebo (7.2 ± 1.7). Administering a moderate dose (300 mg) of CAF could improve TT time by enhancing power and reducing the perception of exertion. BMX coaches and riders may consider consuming CAF before a BMX race to improve performance and reduce rating of perceived exertion.

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Placebo Effects of Caffeine on Short-Term Resistance Exercise to Failure

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.4.2.244 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 244-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Michael J. Duncan ◽

Mark Lyons ◽

Joanne Hankey

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Active Muscle ◽

Short Term ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Leg Extension ◽

Resistance Training Exercise ◽

And Control

Purpose:This study examined the placebo effect of caffeine on number of repetitions (reps), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood pressure (BP), and peak heart rate (PHR) during resistance-training exercise with repetitions (reps) performed to volitional failure.Methods:Following determination of 1-rep maximum in single-leg leg extension, 15 males performed reps to failure at 60% 1-RM in 3 conditions: control, perceived caffeine condition, and perceived placebo condition presented in a randomized order. Participants were informed they would ingest 250 mL of solution that contained either 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine or 3 mg·kg−1 placebo 1 h before each exercise trial. A deceptive protocol was employed and subjects consumed a placebo solution in both conditions. During each condition, total reps, RPE for the active muscle and overall body, and PHR were recorded.Results:Subjects completed 2 more reps when they perceived they had ingested caffeine. RPE was significantly (P = .04) lower in the perceived caffeine and control conditions and RPE for the active muscle was significantly higher across all conditions compared with RPE for the overall body. No substantial differences were evident in PHR across conditions.Conclusions:Results of this study are similar to studies of actual caffeine ingestion. However, the perception of consuming a substance that purportedly enhances performance is sufficient enough to enable individuals to complete a greater number of reps to failure during short-term resistance exercise.

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The Effect of Caffeine on Repeat-High-Intensity-Effort Performance in Rugby League Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2015-0689 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 206-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Brandon M. Wellington ◽

Michael D. Leveritt ◽

Vincent G. Kelly

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rugby League ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Experimental Trials

Context:Repeat-high-intensity efforts (RHIEs) have recently been shown to occur at critical periods of rugby league matches.Purpose:To examine the effect that caffeine has on RHIE performance in rugby league players.Methods:Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 11 semiprofessional rugby league players (age 19.0 ± 0.5 y, body mass 87.4 ± 12.9 kg, height 178.9 ± 2.6 cm) completed 2 experimental trials that involved completing an RHIE test after either caffeine (300 mg caffeine) or placebo (vitamin H) ingestion. Each trial consisted of 3 sets of 20-m sprints interspersed with bouts of tackling. During the RHIE test, 20-m-sprint time, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate were measured.Results:Total time to complete the nine 20-m sprints during the caffeine condition was 1.0% faster (28.46 ± 1.4 s) than during the placebo condition (28.77 ± 1.7 s) (ES = 0.18, 90%CI –0.7 to 0.1 s). This resulted in a very likely chance of caffeine being of benefit to RHIE performance (99% likely to be beneficial). These improvements were more pronounced in the early stages of the test, with a 1.3%, 1.0%, and 0.9% improvement in sprint performance during sets 1, 2, and 3 respectively. There was no significant difference in RPE across the 3 sets (P = .47, 0.48, 1.00) or mean HR (P = .36), maximal HR (P = .74), or blood lactate (P = .50) between treatment conditions.Conclusions:Preexercise ingestion of 300 mg caffeine produced practically meaningful improvements in RHIE performance in rugby league players.

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Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Performance in Young Judo Athletes

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2016-0218 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 336-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Camilla Astley ◽

Diego Souza ◽

Marcos Polito

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Control Session ◽

Double Blind ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Type Method ◽

Judo Athletes ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Double Blind Design

Purpose:To compare the acute effect of caffeine ingestion on performance in young judo athletes.Method:In a randomized double-blind design, eighteen judo athletes (16.1 ± 1.4 yrs.) were evaluated on three nonconsecutive days. On the first day, the special judo fitness test (SJFT) was used as a control session. On the second day, the sample was randomly divided into two equal groups. One group received 4 mg.kg-1 of caffeine (capsule) and the other group received a placebo. After resting for 60 min, the sample performed the SJFT. On the final day of testing, the same procedure was performed but the substance ingested was exchanged between the groups.Results:Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout the applications of the SJFTs. Caffeine ingestion did not induce changes in HR, but reduced the RPE compared with the placebo session (7.0 ± 1.1 vs 8.2 ± 2.0; p < .05), increased the number of throws applied (29.0 ± 2.6 vs 22.1 ± 3.4; p < .01) and reduced the SJFT index (12.2 ± 0.5 vs. 15.7 ± 0.9; p < .001).Conclusion:4 mg.kg-1 did not alter HR but improved performance on SJFT in young judo athletes and reduced the RPE.

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Caffeine improves biochemical and specific performance after judo training: a double-blind crossover study in a real judo training situation

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-021-00544-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kelvin Euton Oliveira Carmo ◽

Diego Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez ◽

Charles Nardelli Valido ◽

Jymmys Lopes dos Santos ◽

Bianca Miarka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Body Mass ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Power Performance ◽

Double Blind ◽

Biochemical Effect ◽

Plasma Uric Acid ◽

Hemodynamic Variables

Abstract Background Nutritional ergogenic aids are foods or nutrients that can improve physical performance. Among these foods with ergogenic properties, caffeine has shown that it can increase the fat catabolism, strength, and improve the cognition and time reaction of an athlete, therefore, it is hoped that it can improve the performance of judokas. This study through a double-blind crossover (supplement X placebo) protocol, investigated the effects caffeine supplementation (single capsule containing 5 mg/kg body mass intake 60 min before the session) on biochemical, anthropometrical, physical, subjective and hemodynamic variables measured before, during and after two typical judo trainingcxs sessions (120-min: 40-min of gymnastics; 40-min of specific technics and; 40-min of judo combat). Methods 8 high-level athletes (21.4 ± 2.0 years; 83.6 ± 15.2 kg; 1.8 ± 0.1 m; 17.9 ± 7.0 Fat%) were evaluated before and after each training for body mass, hydration, upper and lower limb power, performance in the special judo fitness test (SJFT), free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma, uric acid, glucose, lactate, heart rate, and pain. In addition, heart rate, FFA in plasma, uric acid, glucose, lactate, rating of perceived exertion and pain were assessed during the training. Results At 120 min, supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of plasma FFA (1.5 ± 0.5 vs. 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L; p = 0.047) and lactate (4.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 1.2 mmol/L; p = 0.047), and a lower concentration of uric acid (5.4 ± 0.9 vs. 7.0 ± 1.5 mg/dL; p = 0.04). Supplementation also resulted in performance maintenance (fatigue index) in the SJFT (Δ0.3 ± 2.0 vs Δ1.7 ± 2.5, for caffeine and placebo respectively, p = 0.046). No adverse effects were observed. Conclusion Based on the applied dose, intake time, and sample of this study, we can conclude that caffeine produces an ergogenic biochemical effect, and improves performance in judo athletes.

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Carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves resistance training session performance

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954118755640 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 804-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luciana S Decimoni ◽

Victor M Curty ◽

Livia Almeida ◽

Alexander J Koch ◽

Jeffrey M Willardson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Bench Press ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Training Session ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Double Blind ◽

Mouth Rinsing

We investigated the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on resistance exercise performance. Fifteen recreationally trained women (age 26 ± 4 y; height 1.61.9 ± 5.1 m; weight 59.5 ± 8.2 kg) completed two resistance exercise bouts consisting of three sets of five exercises (half-squat, leg press, bench press, military press, and seated row) to volitional fatigue with a 10 repetition-maximum load. Immediately prior to and during the middle of each exercise bout, subjects mouth rinsed for 10 s with 100 mL of either a 6% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or an artificially flavored solution (PLA) in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced fashion. Heart rate and perceived exertion were compared between conditions using a 2 (conditions) × 15 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA. Significant main effects were further analyzed using pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Total volume (exercises * sets * repetitions * load) between sessions was compared with a Student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 level of confidence. The CHO resulted in more repetitions performed during half-squat, bench press, military press, and seated row, for a significantly greater (∼12%) total volume load lifted versus PLA ( p = 0.039, ES: 0.49). Rating of perceived exertion was also significantly lower in the CHO versus PLA ( p = 0.020, ES: 0.28). These data indicate that CHO mouth rinsing can enhance high-volume resistance exercise performance and lower ratings of perceived exertion.

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Increased Cardiorespiratory Stress During Submaximal Cycling After Ketone Monoester Ingestion in Endurance-Trained Adults

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0999 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Devin Goddard McCarthy ◽

William Bostad ◽

Fiona Jane Powley ◽

Jonathan P. Little ◽

Douglas Richards ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Ketone Body ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Bolus Dose ◽

Ventilatory Threshold ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Threshold Intensity ◽

Double Blind ◽

And Performance

There is growing interest in the effect of exogenous ketone body supplementation on exercise responses and performance. The limited studies to date have yielded equivocal data, likely due in part to differences in dosing strategy, increase in blood ketones, and participant training status. Using a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced design, we examined the effect of ingesting a ketone monoester (KE) supplement (600 mg/kg body mass) or flavour-matched placebo in endurance-trained adults (n=10 males, n=9 females; VO2peak=57±8 ml/kg/min). Participants performed a 30-min cycling bout at ventilatory threshold intensity (71±3% VO2peak), followed 15 min later by a 3 kJ/kg body mass time-trial. KE versus placebo ingestion increased plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] before exercise (3.9±1.0 vs 0.2±0.3 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.4), ventilation (77±17 vs 71±15 L/min, p<0.0001, dz=1.3) and heart rate (155±11 vs 150±11 beats/min, p<0.001, dz=1.2) during exercise, and rating of perceived exertion at the end of exercise (15.4±1.6 vs 14.5±1.2, p<0.01, dz=0.85). Plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] remained higher after KE vs placebo ingestion before the time-trial (3.5±1.0 vs 0.3±0.2 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.1), but performance was not different (KE: 16:25±2:50 vs placebo: 16:06±2:40 min:s, p=0.20; dz=0.31). We conclude that acute ingestion of a relatively large KE bolus dose increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained participants. Novelty bullets: •Limited studies have yielded equivocal data regarding exercise responses after acute ketone body supplementation. •Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced design, we found that ingestion of a large bolus dose of a commercial ketone monoester supplement increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during cycling at ventilatory threshold intensity in endurance-trained adults.

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An Exploratory Double-Blind Study of Caffeine Effects on Performance and Perceived Exertion in Judo

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512519826726 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (3) ◽

pp. 515-529

Author(s):

Marina Saldanha da Silva Athayde ◽

Rafael L. Kons ◽

Daniele Detanico

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Double Blind ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽

Judo Athletes ◽

Low Sensitivity

This study analyzed the effects of caffeine ingestion during judo matches on judo athletes' match-derived performance and perceived exertion responses. We applied a double-blind randomized crossover (caffeine vs. placebo conditions) research design. Twelve male athletes performed three 5-minute matches separated by 15 minutes of passive rest. Immediately after each match, the athletes completed ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs), and one minute before beginning the second and third matches, they provided ratings of perceived recovery (RPRs). We filmed all matches for subsequent analysis of the athletes' technical skills. We found no interaction between condition and time of RPE, RPR, and match-derived technical variables, but number of attacks and RPR decreased over the matches, and RPE increased in both conditions. Three participants showed individual positive responses to caffeine ingestion for number of attacks. Attacks, efficiency, and effectiveness presented low sensitivity in both conditions, as only large changes could be identified. We conclude that caffeine ingestion did not provoke changes in either perceived exertion or match-derived performance. Match-derived technical variables were not sensitive for detecting small or medium effects of caffeine, but perceived exertion may detect at least medium effect after caffeine ingestion.

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