scholarly journals Evaluation of African Maize Cultivars for Resistance to Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Xavier Chiriboga Morales ◽  
Amanuel Tamiru ◽  
Islam S. Sobhy ◽  
Toby J. A. Bruce ◽  
Charles A. O. Midega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Food Assimilation ◽  
Neonate Larvae

The fall armyworm (FAW) has recently invaded and become an important pest of maize in Africa causing yield losses reaching up to a third of maize annual production. The present study evaluated different aspects of resistance of six maize cultivars, cropped by farmers in Kenya, to FAW larvae feeding under laboratory and field conditions. We assessed the arrestment and feeding of FAW neonate larvae in no-choice and choice experiments, development of larvae-pupae, food assimilation under laboratory conditions and plant damage in a field experiment. We did not find complete resistance to FAW feeding in the evaluated maize cultivars, but we detected differences in acceptance and preference when FAW larvae were given a choice between certain cultivars. Moreover, the smallest pupal weight and the lowest growth index were found on ’SC Duma 43′ leaves, which suggests an effect of antibiosis of this maize hybrid against FAW larvae. In contrast, the highest growth index was recorded on ‘Rachar’ and the greatest pupal weight was found on ‘Nyamula’ and ‘Rachar’. The density of trichomes on the leaves of these maize cultivars seems not to be directly related to the preference of neonates for feeding. Plant damage scores were not statistically different between cultivars in the field neither under natural nor artificial infestation. However, plant damage scores in ‘Nyamula’ and ‘Jowi’ tended to be lower in the two last samplings of the season compared to the two initial samplings under artificial infestation. Our study provides insight into FAW larval preferences and performance on some African maize cultivars, showing that there are differences between cultivars in these variables; but high levels of resistance to larvae feeding were not found.

scholarly journals Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Leaf-Feeding Damage in Maize Inbred Mp705

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 956-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
E D Womack ◽  
W P Williams ◽  
J S Smith ◽  
M L Warburton ◽  
D Bhattramakki
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Lepidopteran Insects ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Important Pest

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is an agronomically important pest that severely limits maize (Zea mays (Linnaeus) [Poales: Poaceae]) production. This migrant insect devastates maize plants in many countries threatening the livelihood of millions. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped to identify chromosomal regions that control resistance to fall armyworm leaf-feeding and to identify molecular markers linked to the target loci for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). A bi-parental mapping population, comprising 243 F2:3 families from the cross Mp705 (resistant) × Mp719 (susceptible), was evaluated for fall armyworm leaf-feeding damage under artificial infestation over 3 yr. A linkage map comprised of 1,276 single-nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat molecular markers was constructed. Quantitative trait loci analyses identified two major QTL in bins 4.06 and 9.03 that when combined, explained 35.7% of the phenotypic variance over all environments. Mp705 was responsible for the leaf-feeding damage reducing alleles for both large effect QTL and most of the small effect QTL identified in this study. The QTL identified in bin 9.03 co-locates with a previously identified QTL that controls resistance to leaf-feeding damage in maize by fall armyworm and other lepidopteran insects. The QTL in bin 4.06 is a new source of resistance identified in this study. Beneficial alleles derived from Mp705 for the application of an integrated QTL-MAS approach could accelerate breeding efforts to minimize fall armyworm leaf-feeding in maize.

Effects of Two Cultivated Brassica spp. on the Development and Performance of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitizing Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2094-2102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu ◽  
Stephen T O Othim
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Diadegma Semiclausum ◽  
Cotesia Vestalis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., is the most destructive pest affecting vegetable production in Kenya and around the world. Parasitoids have shown promising results in lowering the pest populations and damage caused by DBM. However, variations in host plant quality have been reported to have bottom-up effects up to the third and fourth trophic levels. We assessed the effects of two cultivated Brassica varieties (cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. cultivar ‘Gloria F1’ and kale, B. oleracea var. acephala L. cultivar ‘Thousand headed’) on the development and performance of the specialist pest P. xylostella and two exotic parasitoids Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) and Cotesia vestalis (Haliday). The exposed larval period of DBM took about 1.5 d longer on kale than cabbage and the total immature development time of both females and males was significantly longer on kale than cabbage. Higher pupal weight and higher fecundity were recorded on DBM fed on kale. Development time of D. semiclausum and C. vestalis was not affected by the host crop as was the parasitism rate of D. semiclausum. Heavier male pupae and larger adults of D. semiclausum, as well as more fecund adults of C. vestalis, were obtained from hosts fed on cabbage. Larger adults of C. vestalis were obtained from herbivores fed on kale. These results show potentially positive effects of host plant allelochemicals that are detrimental to herbivores while promoting parasitoid development and performance, which can be harnessed for the control of DBM.

Searching for resistance in wild Lens species against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmavati G Gore ◽  
K Tripathi ◽  
S K Chauhan ◽  
Mohar Singh ◽  
I S Bisht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Callosobruchus Chinensis ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Development Period ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Pulse Beetle

A total of 51 accessions of different Lens spp. viz., Lens culinaris (cultivated) and L. culinaris subsp. odemensis, L. culinaris subsp. orientalis, L. orientalis, L. nigricans, L. lamottei and L. ervoides (wild species) were screened for their reaction to Callosobruchus chinensis under no-choice artificial infestation conditions to find the sources of resistance. Significant differences among the accessions in terms of number of eggs laid, development period, adult emergence, number of emergence holes of C. chinensis loss in seed weight on different Lens spp. were observed. Of the seven species tested, L. culinaris was the most preferred one for egg laying while L. ervoides was the least preferred. Based on Growth Index (GI), accessions were categorised as highly resistant (15 accessions, GI = 0.00), resistant (14, GI=0.00 to 1.00), moderately resistant (16, GI=1.01 to 2.00) moderately susceptible (3, GI 2.01 to 3.00) susceptible (3, >3.01) to C. chinensis and the species have been arranged in the order of their resistance to C. chinensis. viz L. ervoides > L. lamottei > L. nigricans= L. orientalis > L. culinaris subsp. orientalis= L. culinaris subsp. odemensis > L. culnaris, i.e. L. ervoides was highly resistant and L. culnaris was the most susceptible. Correlation between GI and growth parameters of pulse beetle on different Lens spp. accessions indicated that GI had negative relationship with mean development period (-0.22) and significant positive relationship with adult emergence (+0.73), weight loss (+0.77) and eggs laid (+0.75).

Resistance in Eight Peanut Genotypes to Foliar Feeding of Fall Armyworm, Velvetbean Caterpillar, and Corn Earworm

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Todd ◽  
R. M. Beach ◽  
W. D. Branch
Keyword(s):  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Percent Survival ◽  
Curly Leaf

Abstract A laboratory feeding bioassay was used to test field-grown foliage of eight peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for foliar feeding resistance to three common species of defoliating caterpillars: velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); and corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. The eight peanut genotypes studied were: Southern Runner, Florigiant, Curly Leaf, GPNC 343, Robut 33–1, NC6, Tifton-8, and Florunner. Percent survival of both FAW and VBC was very high (84–100%) when reared on any of the genotypes tested. Development to the pupal stage was slowest for FAW reared on Florunner, NC 6, and Tifton-8, and for VBC reared on Florunner and Tifton-8. Percent survival of CEW larvae was reduced on both NC 6 and Tifton-8 (36% survival). Differences in development to pupation and pupal weight were less distinct for CEW. When CEW larvae were provided ten peanut blooms each 48 hours in addition to unlimited foliage, development to pupation was significantly shorter in Florunner, NC 6, Robut 33–1, GPNC 343, and Curly Leaf than when larvae were fed only foliage. Similarly, CEW pupal weights were heavier in Florunner and GPNC 343 treatments, indicating that feeding on peanut blooms of most peanut genotypes tested was of benefit to CEW. In terms of overall response of the three insect species tested, NC 6 and Tifton-8 appeared to be the most resistant while Robut 33–1, Curly Leaf, and Florigiant appeared to be the most susceptible.

scholarly journals Bacillus thuringiensisCry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868 Protein Interactions with Novel Receptors Allow Control of Resistant Fall Armyworms,Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith)

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfei Wang ◽  
Jinling Wang ◽  
Xiaoran Fu ◽  
Jeffrey R. Nageotte ◽  
Jennifer Silverman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Insecticidal Protein ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Important Pest

ABSTRACTTwo new modifiedBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins, Cry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868, with activity against fall armyworms (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith), were evaluated for their potential to bind new insect receptors compared to proteins currently deployed as plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) in row crops. Results from resistant insect bioassays, disabled insecticidal protein (DIP) bioassays, and cell-based assays using insect cells expressing individual receptors demonstrate that receptor utilizations of the newly modified Cry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868 proteins are distinct from each other and from those of commercially availableBtproteins such as Cry1F, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A. Accordingly, these two proteins target different insect proteins in FAW midgut cells and when pyramided together should provide durability in the field against this economically important pest.IMPORTANCEThere is increased concern with the development of resistance to insecticidal proteins currently expressed in crop plants, especially against high-resistance-risk pests such as fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda, a maize pest that already has developed resistance toBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins such as Cry1F. Lepidopteran-specific proteins that bind new insect receptors will be critical in managing current Cry1F-resistant FAW and delaying future resistance development. Results from resistant insect assays, disabled insecticidal protein (DIP) bioassays, and cell-based assays using insect cells expressing individual receptors demonstrate that target receptors of the Cry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868 proteins are different from each other and from those of commercially availableBtproteins such as Cry1F, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A. Therefore, pyramiding these two new proteins in maize will provide durable control of this economically important pest in production agriculture.

scholarly journals Effects of Pre-Diapause Temperature and Body Weight on the Diapause Intensity of the Overwintering Generation of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixiong Zhou ◽  
Xiaolin Dong ◽  
Qi Su ◽  
Zhenzhou Xia ◽  
Zailing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Pupal Period ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Pupal Diapause

Abstract The Chinese citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), is an economically important pest of citrus. The fly has an obligatory pupal diapause in soil from November to March. However, techniques for predicting or determining the emergence of the adult have, thus far, not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of different pre-diapause temperatures (8, 12, 16, and 20°C) and pupal body weight (five groups according to pupal weight: G-58, 55.0–61.0 mg; G-68, 65–71 mg; G-78, 75–81 mg; G-88, 85–91 mg; G-95, 92–98 mg) on pupal period (the indicator of diapause intensity). The pupal period of B. minax larvae pupated at 8°C was 193.41 d, which was significantly shorter than that of larvae incubated at higher temperatures, suggesting that there was a lower diapause intensity for larvae pupated at lower pre-diapause temperatures. There were also significant differences in the pupal periods at different pupal body weights. The pupal period of G-58 was significantly shorter than that of the heavier groups (G-88 and G-95), and the pupal period increased with increasing pupal body weight in the five groups. Moreover, the pupal period of B. minax significantly and positively correlated to pupal body weight. These findings demonstrate that the pre-diapause temperature and pupal body weight are suitable indicators for predicting the pupal period of overwintering individuals, and the results of this study will contribute to the development of new and effective strategies for predicting the occurrence and population dynamics of B. minax adult.

Effects of the Allelochemical, α-tomatine, on the Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gallardo ◽  
D. J. Boethel
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Soybean Looper ◽  
Neonate Larvae ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

To determine the impact of the allelochemical, α-tomatine, on the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), various concentrations (0.001 to 0.10% wet weight of diet [wwt]) were added to an artificial diet. Neonate larvae were fed on the diet to determine effects on larval weight, developmental time, mortality, and pupal weight. Longer development times were observed at the higher concentrations (0.05 and 0.10% wwt). Larval mortality at 0.10% α–tomatine was signficantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than all other concentrations. Larval weight was decreased by concentrations of α-tomatine above 0.005% wwt. A linear regression (Y = 217.8 - 2089.5 X, r2 = 0.90) described the relationship between larval growth and α-tomatine concentrations. The effective dose to reduce larval weight by 50% was calculated (ED50 = 0.048% wwt) and then validated in a subsequent experiment. In that study, a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in mean body weight of 10- and 12-day-old larvae was obtained when larvae were fed diet containing the ED50 dose of α-tomatine. Percent growth relative to controls ranged from 56.1 to 52.1% at 6 and 12 days, respectively.

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