scholarly journals Contributions of Reduced Susceptibility Alleles in Breeding Apple Cultivars with Durable Resistance to Fire Blight

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Kostick ◽  
Soon Li Teh ◽  
Kate M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Differential Host ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Short And Long Term

Breeding apple cultivars with durable genetic resistance is a potential long-term solution to fire blight, a devastating bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora. However, phenotyping resistance/susceptibility to fire blight is challenging due to E. amylovora strain virulence, differential host × strain interactions, quantitative host resistance, environmental influences on disease, and impacts of tree vigor on susceptibility. Inheritance of resistance/susceptibility to fire blight is complex and phenotypic information alone is insufficient to guide breeding decisions targeting resistance. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance/susceptibility to fire blight have been detected throughout the apple genome. Most resistance alleles at fire blight QTLs have been identified in wild Malus germplasm with poor fruit quality, which limits their breeding utility. Several QTLs have been identified in populations derived from cultivars and reduced-susceptibility alleles have been characterized in multiple important breeding parents. Although resistance to fire blight is an attractive target for DNA-informed breeding, relatively few trait-predictive DNA tests for breeding relevant fire blight QTLs are available. Here we discuss (1) considerations and challenges associated with phenotyping resistance/susceptibility to fire blight; (2) sources of resistance that have been identified for use as parents; and (3) our perspective on short and long-term strategies to breed apple cultivars with durable resistance to fire blight with emphasis on the potential contributions of reduced susceptibility alleles to achieve this goal.

scholarly journals Transcriptional profile of AvrRpt2EA-mediated resistance and susceptibility response to Erwinia amylovora in apple

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Schröpfer ◽  
Isabelle Vogt ◽  
Giovanni Antonio Lodovico Broggini ◽  
Andreas Dahl ◽  
Klaus Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Heat Shock Transcription Factors ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Susceptible Response

AbstractMost of the commercial apple cultivars are highly susceptible to fire blight, which is the most devastating bacterial disease affecting pome fruits. Resistance to fire blight is described especially in wild Malus accessions such as M. × robusta 5 (Mr5), but the molecular basis of host resistance response to the pathogen Erwinia amylovora is still largely unknown. The bacterial effector protein AvrRpt2EA was found to be the key determinant of resistance response in Mr5. A wild type E. amylovora strain and the corresponding avrRpt2EA deletion mutant were used for inoculation of Mr5 to induce resistance or susceptible response, respectively. By comparison of the transcriptome of both responses, 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We found that heat-shock response including heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) are activated in apple specifically in the susceptible response, independent of AvrRpt2EA. Further analysis on the expression progress of 81 DEGs by high-throughput real-time qPCR resulted in the identification of genes that were activated after inoculation with E. amylovora. Hence, a potential role of these genes in the resistance to the pathogen is postulated, including genes coding for enzymes involved in formation of flavonoids and terpenoids, ribosome-inactivating enzymes (RIPs) and a squamosa promoter binding-like (SPL) transcription factor.

scholarly journals Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) resistance in apple varieties associated with molecular markers

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sehic ◽  
H. Nyboom ◽  
L. Garkava-Gustavsson ◽  
A. Patocchi ◽  
M. Kellerhals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Scar Markers ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Trait Locus

The invasive bacterial disease fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora has the potential to destroy fruit tree orchards all over Europe. Effective plant protection methods are lacking in many countries, highlighting the increasing importance placed on identification of germplasm with heritable disease resistance. Recent l y. a promising QTL (quantitative trait locus) was identified on linkage group 7 in the apple cultivar 'Fiesta· which is derived from ·cox's Orange Pippin' . I n the present study, 144 Swedish and foreign apple cultivars were analysed with the SCAR markers AE I 0-375 and GE-8019. which flank-. this QTL. Twenty-nine of the analysed cultivars had both markers. 78 had either AE I 0-375 or GE-8019, and 37 cultivars did not carry an) of the two markers. Seventeen cultivars. 7 with both markers and I 0 not having either of the two markers, were then inocoluted with the bacterium in a 4uaran1i ne greenhouse test. Cultivars carrying both DNA markers were significantly less susceptible than cultivars lacking the markers, P<0.001. Cultivars that were most resistant had both markers and had 'Cox· in their pedigree. Unrelated cultivars with the markers may still lack the QTL.

Evaluation of old Carpathian apple cultivars as genetic resources of resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)

Trees ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdolna Tóth ◽  
Gitta Ficzek ◽  
Ildikó Király ◽  
Krisztina Honty ◽  
Mária Hevesi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Apple Cultivars

scholarly journals Candidate gene mapping identifies genomic variations in the fire blight susceptibility genes HIPM and DIPM across the Malus germplasm

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Tegtmeier ◽  
Valerio Pompili ◽  
Jugpreet Singh ◽  
Diego Micheletti ◽  
Katchen Julliany Pereira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Candidate Gene Mapping ◽  
In Fire

Abstract Development of apple (Malus domestica) cultivars resistant to fire blight, a devastating bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a priority for apple breeding programs. Towards this goal, the inactivation of members of the HIPM and DIPM gene families with a role in fire blight susceptibility (S genes) can help achieve sustainable tolerance. We have investigated the genomic diversity of HIPM and DIPM genes in Malus germplasm collections and used a candidate gene-based association mapping approach to identify SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) with significant associations to fire blight susceptibility. A total of 87 unique SNP variants were identified in HIPM and DIPM genes across 93 Malus accessions. Thirty SNPs showed significant associations (p < 0.05) with fire blight susceptibility traits, while two of these SNPs showed highly significant (p < 0.001) associations across two different years. This research has provided knowledge about genetic diversity in fire blight S genes in diverse apple accessions and identified candidate HIPM and DIPM alleles that could be used to develop apple cultivars with decreased fire blight susceptibility via marker-assisted breeding or biotechnological approaches.

scholarly journals Characterization of Serracin P, a Phage-Tail-Like Bacteriocin, and Its Activity against Erwinia amylovora, the Fire Blight Pathogen

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 5704-5710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhamid Jabrane ◽  
Ahmed Sabri ◽  
Philippe Compère ◽  
Philippe Jacques ◽  
Isabel Vandenberghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Analysis ◽  
Terminal Amino Acid ◽  
Phage Tail ◽  
Terminal Amino ◽  
Pear Trees

ABSTRACT Serratia plymithicum J7 culture supernatant displayed activity against many pathogenic strains of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the most serious bacterial disease of apple and pear trees, fire blight, and against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. This activity increased significantly upon induction with mitomycin C. A phage-tail-like bacteriocin, named serracin P, was purified from an induced culture supernatant of S. plymithicum J7. It was found to be the only compound involved in the antibacterial activity against sensitive strains. The N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the two major subunits (23 and 43 kDa) of serracin P revealed high homology with the Fels-2 prophage of Salmonella enterica, the coliphages P2 and 168, the φCTX prophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a prophage of Yersinia pestis. This strongly suggests a common ancestry for serracin P and these bacteriophages.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Cider Apple Germplasm Collection of Local Cultivars from Spain for Resistance to Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) Using a Combination of Inoculation Assays on Leaves and Shoots

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1223-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Martínez-Bilbao ◽  
Amaya Ortiz-Barredo ◽  
Emilio Montesinos ◽  
Jesús Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Inoculation Assay

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is among the three most important diseases of apple. A major effective method for its integrated management is the reduction of the susceptibility of the host. Cider apple production in Spain is based on local apple cultivars with minimum crop management and phytosanitary control. After the entry of fire blight in Spain, the selection and planting of cultivars with low susceptibility to this disease has thus become of paramount importance. In consequence, and as part of a wider characterization effort, we undertook the evaluation of an apple germplasm collection of local apple cultivars from Spain for susceptibility to fire blight. Because of the quarantine status of E. amylovora in Europe, we evaluated the use of a detached leaf inoculation assay in combination with a traditional shoot inoculation assay to reduce the amount of plant material to evaluate and to minimize pathogen manipulation. Comparison of the susceptibility values for 78 apple cultivars indicated a low but significant correlation (r = 0.56; α = 0.01) between the leaf and shoot inoculation methods. Although the detached leaf assay was not reliable for the direct selection of cultivars with low susceptibility, it was useful to optimize resources and limit the potential dispersal of the pathogen by allowing the exclusion of medium and highly susceptible cultivars from further evaluation. Shoot inoculation of 103 apple cultivars allowed the identification of 48 cultivars with high levels of resistance to fire blight, which could serve as starting material both for apple production and for breeding programs.

scholarly journals Comparison of fire blight resistance screening methodologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
M.B. Horner ◽  
E.G. Hough ◽  
D.I. Hedderley ◽  
N.M. How ◽  
V.G.M. Bus
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Resistance Screening ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Two Measures

Fire blight a bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora is an ongoing problem for pipfruit growers with few control options available Most commercial cultivars and rootstocks are highly susceptible to the disease Breeding of fire blightresistant scions and rootstocks to manage the disease is a major goal of the New Zealand apple breeding programme The main mode of disease establishment is through flowers However the breeding programme currently evaluates disease resistance through shoot inoculations This study compared the degree of resistance in 109 progeny from a Royal Gala times; Malus robusta Robusta 5 family assessed by shoot inoculation and by floral inoculations Results indicate that the two measures of resistance do not correlate well and that different quantitative trait loci may be involved in flower and shoot resistance Management of fire blight through the implementation of resistant cultivars will require resistance screening on both shoot and flower assessments

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