scholarly journals AIP1, Encoding the Small Subunit of Acetolactate Synthase, Is Partially Responsible for Resistance to Hypoxic Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2251
Author(s):  
Geunmuk Im ◽  
Dongsu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Variable Success ◽  
Branched Chain

Flooding is a significant stress to land plants, depriving them of essential oxygen. Plants have evolved diverse strategies with variable success to survive flooding. Similar strategies have been described in organisms from other kingdoms. Several fungal species can successfully survive a low-oxygen environment by increasing their branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) contents. BCAAs may act as alternative electron acceptors in the respiratory chain under an oxygen-limited environment. The key and first enzyme for BCAA biosynthesis is acetolactate synthase (ALS). We identified two homologous genes encoding the small subunit of ALS in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We determined that ALS INTERACTING PROTEIN1 (AIP1), which encodes the small subunit of ALS, is strongly expressed in all organs and highly expressed under submergence and low-oxygen stresses. We also showed that the overexpression of AIP1 confers tolerance to low-oxygen stress. These results indicate that ALS may play an essential role under prolonged flooding or oxygen deficiency in Arabidopsis.

Gene sequence analysis of an opportunistic wheat pathogen, an isolate ofFusarium proliferatum

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1115-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun-Il Kwon ◽  
Carol D von Dohlen ◽  
Anne J Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Small Subunit Ribosomal Dna

A fungal endophyte of wheat causing seedling necrosis when plants are grown under stressed conditions was identified as a Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg isolate (NRRL 31017). The wheat isolate grew rapidly on potato dextrose agar as lanose to cottony colonies and rarely produced macroconidia under ultraviolet light. Microconidia were produced both in false heads and chains; sporodochia and chlamydospores were not found. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the genes for β-tubulin, mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA, calmodulin, and elongation factor 1-α from the wheat isolate showed affinity with other F. proliferatum isolates. The closest relationship was with an isolate with ligninolytic potential obtained from forest litter in Spain (F. proliferatum MUCL 31970). Nucleotide sequences of genes encoding laccases, which are quite divergent between fungal species, showed 99% identity between the wheat and the forest litter isolates.Key words: Fusarium proliferatum, laccase, phylogeny, genetic variability.

scholarly journals Sawyeria marylandensis (Heterolobosea) Has a Hydrogenosome with Novel Metabolic Properties

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1913-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria José Barberà ◽  
Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo ◽  
Julia Y. A. Tufts ◽  
Amandine Bery ◽  
Jeffrey D. Silberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Mitochondrial Proteins ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Energy Metabolic Enzymes

ABSTRACT Protists that live under low-oxygen conditions often lack conventional mitochondria and instead possess mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) with distinct biochemical functions. Studies of mostly parasitic organisms have suggested that these organelles could be classified into two general types: hydrogenosomes and mitosomes. Hydrogenosomes, found in parabasalids, anaerobic chytrid fungi, and ciliates, metabolize pyruvate anaerobically to generate ATP, acetate, CO2, and hydrogen gas, employing enzymes not typically associated with mitochondria. Mitosomes that have been studied have no apparent role in energy metabolism. Recent investigations of free-living anaerobic protists have revealed a diversity of MROs with a wider array of metabolic properties that defy a simple functional classification. Here we describe an expressed sequence tag (EST) survey and ultrastructural investigation of the anaerobic heteroloboseid amoeba Sawyeria marylandensis aimed at understanding the properties of its MROs. This organism expresses typical anaerobic energy metabolic enzymes, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, [FeFe]-hydrogenase, and associated hydrogenase maturases with apparent organelle-targeting peptides, indicating that its MRO likely functions as a hydrogenosome. We also identified 38 genes encoding canonical mitochondrial proteins in S. marylandensis, many of which possess putative targeting peptides and are phylogenetically related to putative mitochondrial proteins of its heteroloboseid relative Naegleria gruberi. Several of these proteins, such as a branched-chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase, likely function in pathways that have not been previously associated with the well-studied hydrogenosomes of parabasalids. Finally, morphological reconstructions based on transmission electron microscopy indicate that the S. marylandensis MROs form novel cup-like structures within the cells. Overall, these data suggest that Sawyeria marylandensis possesses a hydrogenosome of mitochondrial origin with a novel combination of biochemical and structural properties.

scholarly journals Prevalence of two homologous genes encoding glycosyltransferases of Helicobacter pylori in the United States and Japan

2011 ◽  
pp. no-no ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyuki Matsuda ◽  
Seiji Shiota ◽  
Osamu Matsunari ◽  
Masahide Watada ◽  
Kazunari Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

scholarly journals Pre-AIDS Era Isolates of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis: High Genotypic Similarity with Contemporary Isolates

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Tsolaki ◽  
Pieter Beckers ◽  
Ann E. Wakefield
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Aids Pandemic ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Lsu Rrna ◽  
Large Subunit Rrna ◽  
Sequence Types

Isolates of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp.hominis were examined from six individuals who died ofP. carinii pneumonia between 1968 and 1981 and who had underlying immunodeficiencies which were not due to human immunodeficiency virus infection. DNA sequence variation was analyzed in the genes encoding the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA (mt LSU rRNA), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear rRNA, the arom locus, and the mitochondrial small subunit rRNA. No major variations were observed when these isolates were compared to isolates from HIV-infected individuals. A small number of minor differences were detected. A new position at which variation occurred in the mt LSU rRNA was observed in one sample. Three new ITS sequence types were identified. A total of nine different ITS sequence types were found in the six samples. Mixed infection with different ITS sequence types of P. carinii f. sp. hominis was observed in four of the six samples. The ITS locus was the most informative of the four loci for distinguishing among the isolates ofP. carinii f. sp. hominis. The data suggest that isolates of P. carinii f. sp. hominis from before the AIDS pandemic are genetically very similar to those currently found in HIV-infected individuals.

Branched chain amino acid regulation of the ILV2 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xiao ◽  
Gerald H. Rank
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Multiple Control ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Acid Sensitivity ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
General Amino Acid Control ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Unusual Phenotype

Mutant regulatory loci of the branched pathway for the biosynthesis of isoleucine–valine and leucine were identified with the unusual phenotype of an amino acid dependent auxotrophy. Two mutant loci, bcs1 and bcs2, conferred branched chain amino acid sensitivity and showed independent segregation. Linkage studies defined bcs1 as a cis-acting regulatory site of ILV2 (SMR1). ILV2 upstream deletion analyses and high-copy transformation of the positive regulatory locus LEU3 ruled out the possibility of LEU3 protein binding palindromes mediating the branched chain amino acid dependent auxotrophy. In the presence of leucine and valine, the general amino acid control system (GCN4) was epistatic to bcs1 and bcs2, and under nonstarvation conditions GCN4 strains showed an increased acetolactate synthase activity over gcn4 strains. Thus in addition to general regulation of ILV2, GCN4 functions in basal level expression when the locus is subject to specific repression by pathway end product.Key words: yeast, isoleucine, leucine, valine pathway, amino acid sensitivity, gene regulation, multiple control.

Abstract O.16: Comprehensive Genotyping Of The FCGR2/3 Locus Reveals A Novel Association Of FCGR2C-ORF With Susceptibility To Kawasaki Disease

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taco W Kuijpers ◽  
Carline E Tacke ◽  
Sietse Q Nagelkerke ◽  
Willemijn B Breunis ◽  
Long T Hoang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Copy Number Variations ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Novel Association ◽  
Family Based

The human FCGR2/3 locus contains highly homologous genes encoding the five major receptors for IgG (Fc-gamma receptors, FcγRs). In two prior GWAS on Kawasaki disease (KD), a SNP in FCGR2A (131H>R; rs1801274) was identified to be associated with disease susceptibility. However, the FCGR2/3 locus contains multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNVs), which were not covered by the detection platforms used in the GWAS. In this study we therefore focused on further fine-mapping of this locus to investigate the association of the different genetic variations with KD susceptibility. A highly accurate and validated multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay was used to analyze all functionally relevant SNPs and CNVs within this locus. In a genetic association study involving case-control and family-based testing with 1028 patients with KD, the previous finding of FCGR2A-131H as a susceptibility marker for KD was confirmed (OR 1.16; 95%CI 1.08-1.32, meta-P = 0.01). In addition, we found a novel significant association of the FCGR2C-ORF haplotype with susceptibility to KD (OR 1.34; 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.62, meta-P = 0.003). FCGR2C-ORF leads to the expression of an extra, functionally activating FcγR (i.e. FcγRIIc) on myeloid cell types and NK cells. Being absent in Asian individuals, the FCGR2C-ORF haplotype only contributed to KD susceptibility in European subjects, independent of the established association with FCGR2A-H131R. We did not find any significant association of CNV of the locus with susceptibility to KD. Our data point to an important role of the activating FcγRs in KD pathology. We hypothesize that the identified functional SNPs might alter the balance between the activating and inhibitory FcγRs leading to unbalanced inflammation and KD.

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