scholarly journals Auxin: Hormonal Signal Required for Seed Development and Dormancy

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel J. Matilla
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Cellular Machinery ◽  
Hormonal Signal ◽  
Viable Seeds

The production of viable seeds is a key event in the life cycle of higher plants. Historically, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GAs) were considered the main hormones that regulate seed formation. However, auxin has recently emerged as an essential player that modulates, in conjunction with ABA, different cellular processes involved in seed development as well as the induction, regulation and maintenance of primary dormancy (PD). This review examines and discusses the key role of auxin as a signaling molecule that coordinates seed life. The cellular machinery involved in the synthesis and transport of auxin, as well as their cellular and tissue compartmentalization, is crucial for the development of the endosperm and seed-coat. Thus, auxin is an essential compound involved in integuments development, and its transport from endosperm is regulated by AGAMOUS-LIKE62 (AGL62) whose transcript is specifically expressed in the endosperm. In addition, recent biochemical and genetic evidence supports the involvement of auxins in PD. In this process, the participation of the transcriptional regulator ABA INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) is critical, revealing a cross-talk between auxin and ABA signaling. Future experimental aimed at advancing knowledge of the role of auxins in seed development and PD are also discussed.

scholarly journals Reversible Regulation of Polyubiquitin Gene UBC via Modified Inducible CRISPR/Cas9 System

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Woo Han ◽  
Byung-Kwon Jung ◽  
So-Hyun Park ◽  
Kwon-Yul Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Gene Disruption ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Guide Rna ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Polyubiquitin Gene ◽  
Cellular Machinery

Ubiquitin is required under both normal and stress conditions. Under stress conditions, upregulation of the polyubiquitin gene UBC is essential to meet the requirement of increased ubiquitin levels to confer stress resistance. However, UBC upregulation is usually observed only under stress conditions and not under normal conditions. Therefore, it has not been possible to upregulate UBC under normal conditions to study the effect of excess ubiquitin on cellular machinery. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely used in biological research as a useful tool to study gene disruption effects. In this study, using an inducible CRISPR/Cas9 variant, a dCas9–VP64 fusion protein, combined with a single guide RNA (sgRNA) containing MS2 aptamer loops and MS2-p65-HSF1, we developed a system to increase the ubiquitin pool via upregulation of UBC. Although it is challenging to upregulate the expression of a gene that is already expressed at high levels, the significance of our system is that UBC upregulation can be induced in an efficient, reversible manner that is compatible with cellular processes, even under normal conditions. This system can be used to study ubiquitin pool dynamics and it will be a useful tool in identifying the role of ubiquitin under normal and stress conditions.

scholarly journals Into the Seed: Auxin Controls Seed Development and Grain Yield

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshan Cao ◽  
Guoji Li ◽  
Dejie Qu ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Youning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Cellular Processes

Seed development, which involves mainly the embryo, endosperm and integuments, is regulated by different signaling pathways, leading to various changes in seed size or seed weight. Therefore, uncovering the genetic and molecular mechanisms of seed development has great potential for improving crop yields. The phytohormone auxin is a key regulator required for modulating different cellular processes involved in seed development. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the role of auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling, conjugation, and catabolism during seed development. More importantly, we not only summarize the research progress on the genetic and molecular regulation of seed development mediated by auxin but also discuss the potential of manipulating auxin metabolism and its signaling pathway for improving crop seed weight.

scholarly journals Role of Septins in Endothelial Cells and Platelets

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Neubauer ◽  
Barbara Zieger
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Almost All

Septins are conserved cytoskeletal GTP-binding proteins identified in almost all eukaryotes except higher plants. Mammalian septins comprise 13 family members with either ubiquitous or organ- and tissue-specific expression patterns. They form filamentous oligomers and complexes with other proteins to serve as diffusions barrier and/or multi-molecular scaffolds to function in a physiologically regulated manner. Diverse septins are highly expressed in endothelial cells and platelets, which play an important role in hemostasis, a process to prevent blood loss after vascular injury. Endothelial septins are involved in cellular processes such as exocytosis and in processes concerning organismal level, like angiogenesis. Septins are additionally found in endothelial cell-cell junctions where their presence is required to maintain the integrity of the barrier function of vascular endothelial monolayers. In platelets, septins are important for activation, degranulation, adhesion, and aggregation. They have been identified as mediators of distinct platelet functions and being essential in primary and secondary hemostatic processes. Septin-knockout mouse studies show the relevance of septins in several aspects of hemostasis. This is in line with reports that dysregulation of septins is clinically relevant in human bleeding disorders. The precise function of septins in the biology of endothelial cells and platelets remains poorly understood. The following mini-review highlights the current knowledge about the role of septin cytoskeleton in regulating critical functions in these two cell types.

scholarly journals The Importance of Ion Homeostasis and Nutrient Status in Seed Development and Germination

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 504 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta ◽  
Catalina Egea-Gilabert ◽  
Encarnación Conesa ◽  
Jesús Ochoa ◽  
María José Vicente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
New Genes

Seed is the dissemination unit of plants initiating an important stage in the life cycle of plants. Seed development, comprising two phases: embryogenesis and seed maturation, may define the quality of sown seed, especially under abiotic stress. In this review we have focused on the recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying these complex processes and how they are controlled by distinct environmental factors regulating ion homeostasis into the seed tissues. The role of transporters affecting seed embryogenesis and first stages of germination as imbibition and subsequent radicle protrusion and extension were revised from a molecular point of view. Seed formation depends on the loading of nutrients from the maternal seed coat to the filial endosperm, a process of which the efflux is not clear and where different ions and transporters are involved. The clear interrelation between soil nutrients, presence of heavy metals and the ion capacity of penetration through the seed are discussed in terms of ion effect during different germination stages. Results concerning seed priming techniques used in the improvement of seed vigor and radicle emergence are shown, where the use of nutrients as a novel way of osmopriming to alleviate abiotic stress effects and improve seedlings yield is discussed. Novel approaches to know the re-translocation from source leaves to developing seeds are considered, as an essential mechanism to understand the biofortification process of certain grains in order to cope with nutrient deficiencies, especially in arid and semiarid areas. Finally, the role of new genes involved in hormone-dependent processes, oxidative response and water uptake into the seeds during their development or germination, have been described as plant mechanisms to deal with abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals Friend or Foe: The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Influenza A Virus Assembly

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhmani Bedi ◽  
Akira Ono
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Virus Assembly ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cellular Machinery ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Cytoskeletal System

Influenza A Virus (IAV) is a respiratory virus that causes seasonal outbreaks annually and pandemics occasionally. The main targets of the virus are epithelial cells in the respiratory tract. Like many other viruses, IAV employs the host cell’s machinery to enter cells, synthesize new genomes and viral proteins, and assemble new virus particles. The cytoskeletal system is a major cellular machinery, which IAV exploits for its entry to and exit from the cell. However, in some cases, the cytoskeleton has a negative impact on efficient IAV growth. In this review, we highlight the role of cytoskeletal elements in cellular processes that are utilized by IAV in the host cell. We further provide an in-depth summary of the current literature on the roles the cytoskeleton plays in regulating specific steps during the assembly of progeny IAV particles.

Physiological Role of Cyclic Electron Flow in Higher Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Wei HUANG ◽  
Shi-Bao ZHANG ◽  
Kun-Fang CAO
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cyclic Electron Flow

Dysregulation of HOX as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Yeon Lee ◽  
Myoung Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Hox Protein

: HOX genes belong to the highly conserved homeobox superfamily, responsible for the regulation of various cellular processes that control cell homeostasis, from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. The abnormal expression of HOX genes is observed in various cancers, including breast cancer; they act as oncogenes or as suppressors of cancer, according to context. In this review, we analyze HOX gene expression patterns in breast cancer and examine their relationship, based on the three-dimensional genome structure of the HOX locus. The presence of non-coding RNAs, embedded within the HOX cluster, and the role of these molecules in breast cancer have been reviewed. We further evaluate the characteristic activity of HOX protein in breast cancer and its therapeutic potential.

MiRNA-145 and Its Direct Downstream Targets in Digestive System Cancers: A Promising Therapeutic Target

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yini Ma ◽  
Xiu Cao ◽  
Guojuan Shi ◽  
Tianlu Shi
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Direct Target ◽  
Potential Strategy

: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the onset and development of many diseases, including cancers. Emerging evidence shows that numerous miRNAs have the potential to be used as diagnostic biomarkers for cancers, and miRNA-based therapy may be a promising therapy for the treatment of malignant neoplasm. MicroRNA-145 (miR-145) has been considered to play certain roles in various cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, via modulating expression of direct target genes. Recent reports show that miR-145 participates in the progression of digestive system cancers, and plays crucial and novel roles for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning the function of miR-145 and its direct targets in digestive system cancers. We discuss the potential role of miR-145 as valuable biomarkers for digestive system cancers and how miR-145 regulates these digestive system cancers via different targets to explore the potential strategy of targeting miR-145.

scholarly journals Regulation of Rho GTPases by RhoGDIs in Human Cancers

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho ◽  
Kim ◽  
Baek ◽  
Kim ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Malignant Phenotype ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Human Cancers

Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the functions of the Rho GTPase family. Dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs is necessary for their spatiotemporal activation and is dynamically regulated by several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and protein interaction. The expression of RhoGDIs has changed in many human cancers and become associated with the malignant phenotype, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer agents. Here, we review how RhoGDIs control the function of Rho GTPases by regulating their spatiotemporal activity and describe the regulatory mechanisms of the dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs. We also discuss the role of RhoGDIs in cancer progression and their potential uses for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals The Role of lncRNA in the Development of Tumors, Including Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8427
Author(s):  
Beata Smolarz ◽  
Anna Zadrożna-Nowak ◽  
Hanna Romanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Cellular Processes

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the largest groups of ribonucleic acids, but, despite the increasing amount of literature data, the least understood. Given the involvement of lncRNA in basic cellular processes, especially in the regulation of transcription, the role of these noncoding molecules seems to be of great importance for the proper functioning of the organism. Studies have shown a relationship between disturbed lncRNA expression and the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. The present article presents a detailed review of the latest reports and data regarding the importance of lncRNA in the development of cancers, including breast carcinoma.

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