scholarly journals Seasonal Temperature Fluctuations Differently Affect the Immune and Biochemical Parameters of Diploid and Triploid Oncorhynchus mykiss Cage-Cultured in Temperate Latitudes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia C. M. Rodrigues ◽  
Carlos Gravato ◽  
Carlos J. M. Silva ◽  
Sílvia F. S. Pires ◽  
Ana P. L. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
The Individual

In the coming decades, and despite advances in the selection of resistant strains and the production of triploid organisms, the temperature could seriously affect salmonid aquaculture. Lower environmental tolerance has been hinted at for triploids, but the physiological mechanisms leading to such differences, and whether they are translated to the individual level, are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations on the humoral and immune status in the blood (peripheral blood leukocytes) and plasma (antiprotease, lysozyme and peroxidase activities), the oxidative stress (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, total glutathione and lipid peroxidation) balance in the liver, and the energy budget (sugars, lipids, proteins and energy production) in the liver and muscle of diploid and triploid Oncorhynchus mykiss. Leukocytes’ numbers changed with the water temperature and differed between fish ploidies. Peroxidase activity was increased in the summer, but lysozyme and antiprotease activities were increased in the winter. Concomitantly, antioxidant defenses were significantly altered seasonally, increasing oxidative damage at higher temperatures. Moreover, warmer waters induced a reduction in the energy production measured in the liver. Differences in feed efficiency, which have been previously reported, were confirmed by the low lipid and protein contents of the muscle of the triploids. In sum, the inherent trade-offs to deal with the seasonal changes culminated in the higher growth observed for diploid fish.

scholarly journals Major Evolutionary Transitions in Social Insects, the Importance of Worker Sterility and Life History Trade-Offs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Bernadou ◽  
Boris H. Kramer ◽  
Judith Korb
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Worker Sterility

The evolution of eusociality in social insects, such as termites, ants, and some bees and wasps, has been regarded as a major evolutionary transition (MET). Yet, there is some debate whether all species qualify. Here, we argue that worker sterility is a decisive criterion to determine whether species have passed a MET (= superorganisms), or not. When workers are sterile, reproductive interests align among group members as individual fitness is transferred to the colony level. Division of labour among cooperating units is a major driver that favours the evolution of METs across all biological scales. Many METs are characterised by a differentiation into reproductive versus maintenance functions. In social insects, the queen specialises on reproduction while workers take over maintenance functions such as food provisioning. Such division of labour allows specialisation and it reshapes life history trade-offs among cooperating units. For instance, individuals within colonies of social insects can overcome the omnipresent fecundity/longevity trade-off, which limits reproductive success in organisms, when increased fecundity shortens lifespan. Social insect queens (particularly in superorganismal species) can reach adult lifespans of several decades and are among the most fecund terrestrial animals. The resulting enormous reproductive output may contribute to explain why some genera of social insects became so successful. Indeed, superorganismal ant lineages have more species than those that have not passed a MET. We conclude that the release from life history constraints at the individual level is a important, yet understudied, factor across METs to explain their evolutionary success.

scholarly journals The transformative service paradox: the dilemma of wellbeing trade-offs

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-663
Author(s):  
Rebekah Russell–Bennett ◽  
Rory Mulcahy ◽  
Kate Letheren ◽  
Ryan McAndrew ◽  
Uwe Dulleck
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physical Wellbeing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Future Implication

PurposeA transformative service aims to improve wellbeing; however, current approaches have an implicit assumption that all wellbeing dimensions are equal and more dimensions led to higher wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to present evidence for a new framework that identifies the paradox of competing wellbeing dimensions for both the individual and others in society – the transformative service paradox (TSP).Design/methodology/approachData is drawn from a mixed-method approach using qualitative (interviews) and quantitative data (lab experiment) in an electricity service context. The first study involves 45 household interviews (n = 118) and deals with the nature of trade-offs at the individual level to establish the concept of the TSP. The second study uses a behavioral economics laboratory experiment (n = 110) to test the self vs. other nature of the trade-off in day-to-day use of electricity.FindingsThe interviews and experiment identified that temporal (now vs. future) and beneficiary-level factors explain why individuals make wellbeing trade-offs for the transformative service of electricity. The laboratory experiment showed that when the future implication of the trade-off is made salient, consumers are more willing to forego physical wellbeing for environmental wellbeing, whereas when the “now” implication is more salient consumers forego financial wellbeing for physical wellbeing.Originality/valueThis research introduces the term “Transformative Service Paradox” and identifies two factors that explain why consumers make wellbeing trade-offs at the individual level and at the societal level; temporal (now vs. future) and wellbeing beneficiary.

scholarly journals Trade-Offs Underwater: Physiological Plasticity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Confronted by Multiple Stressors

Fishes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Wernicke von Siebenthal ◽  
Kristina Rehberger ◽  
Christyn Bailey ◽  
Albert Ros ◽  
Elio Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Phenotypic Flexibility ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Individual

Organisms have evolved mechanisms to partition the available resources between fitness-relevant physiological functions. Organisms possess phenotypic plasticity to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. However, this comes at a cost that can cause negative correlations or “trade-offs”, whereby increasing investments in one function lead to decreased investments in another function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prioritization of resource allocation between growth, pathogen defense, and contaminant response in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to changes of resource income or expenditure. We performed a multifactorial experiment with three resource-impacting stressors—limited food availability, a parasitic infection, exposure to a vitellogenesis-inducing contaminant—and combinations thereof. Treatment with the individual stressors evoked the expected responses in the respective physiological target systems—body growth, immune system, and hepatic vitellogenin transcription—but we found little evidence for significant negative relations (trade-offs) between the three systems. This also applied to fish exposed to combinations of the stressors. This high phenotypic flexibility of trout in their resource allocation suggests that linear resource allocations as mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity may be too simplistic, but it also may point to a greater capacity of ectothermic than endothermic vertebrates to maintain key physiological processes under competing resource needs due to lower maintenance costs.

Cost and outcome: Comparisons of two alternative bypassing agents for persons with haemophilia A complicated by an inhibitor

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (06) ◽  
pp. 1060-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Astermark ◽  
Sharyne Donfield ◽  
Erik Berntorp ◽  
Katarina Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viia ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Haemostatic Agents ◽  
Reduction Of Pain ◽  
Bypassing Agents ◽  
The Individual

SummaryThe development of inhibitory antibodies to factor VIII is a serious complication of haemophilia. Two haemostatic agents with different bypassing mechanisms have been used in the treatment of patients with inhibitors: activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) and recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa). The objective was to compare cost and outcome of aPCC and rFVIIa in the treatment of joint bleeds. The analyses were based on the FENOC (FEIBA NovoSeven Comparative Study) crossover study where 48 patients used aPCC and rFVIIa to treat two joint bleeds. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated for three outcome measures and the variation in cost was analyzed using two alternative regression methods. Results were subjected to sensitivity analyses. Key determinants of cost were prescribed dose, bodyweight and treatment in addition to protocol.The cost of aPCC was on average lower than rFVIIa. At all but one time point, patients rated slightly higher (but not statistically significantly) percentages of treatment efficacy and stopping of the bleed by aPCC. The reported reduction in pain from start of treatment up to 48 hours varied considerably among individuals. The different relative prices in the US, Turkey and Sweden mattered, but did not reverse the main results. In conclusion, the cost per episode was significantly lower for aPCC. The large individual-level variation in reduction of pain supports decisions that consider the individual patient’s experience and that accept trade-offs between cost and reduction in pain rather than focusing on cost only.

scholarly journals Protein-poor diet reduces host-specific immune gene expression in Bombus terrestris

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1786) ◽  
pp. 20140128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska S. Brunner ◽  
Paul Schmid-Hempel ◽  
Seth M. Barribeau
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nutritional Limitation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Crithidia Bombi ◽  
The Individual

Parasites infect hosts non-randomly as genotypes of hosts vary in susceptibility to the same genotypes of parasites, but this specificity may be modulated by environmental factors such as nutrition. Nutrition plays an important role for any physiological investment. As immune responses are costly, resource limitation should negatively affect immunity through trade-offs with other physiological requirements. Consequently, nutritional limitation should diminish immune capacity in general, but does it also dampen differences among hosts? We investigated the effect of short-term pollen deprivation on the immune responses of our model host Bombus terrestris when infected with the highly prevalent natural parasite Crithidia bombi . Bumblebees deprived of pollen, their protein source, show reduced immune responses to infection. They failed to upregulate a number of genes, including antimicrobial peptides, in response to infection. In particular, they also showed less specific immune expression patterns across individuals and colonies. These findings provide evidence for how immune responses on the individual-level vary with important elements of the environment and illustrate how nutrition can functionally alter not only general resistance, but also alter the pattern of specific host–parasite interactions.

scholarly journals Professional resilience in GPs working in areas of socioeconomic deprivation: a qualitative study in primary care

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (677) ◽  
pp. e819-e825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Eley ◽  
Ben Jackson ◽  
Chris Burton ◽  
Elizabeth Walton
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Personal Characteristic ◽  
Socioeconomic Deprivation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Framework Approach ◽  
Data Saturation ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundGPs working in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation face particular challenges, and are at increased risk of professional burnout. Understanding how GPs working in such areas perceive professional resilience is important in order to recruit and retain a GP workforce in these areas.AimTo understand how GPs working in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation consider professional resilience.Design and settingA qualitative study of GPs practising in deprived areas within one primary care region of England.MethodIn total, 14 individual interviews and one focus group of eight participants were undertaken, with sampling to data saturation. A framework approach was used for data analysis.ResultsParticipants described three key themes relating to resilience. First, resilience was seen as involving flexibility and adaptability. This involved making trade-offs in order to keep going, even if this was imperfect. Second, resilience was enacted through teams rather than through individual strength. Third, resilience required the integration of personal and professional values rather than keeping the two separate. This dynamic adaptive view, with an emphasis on the importance of individuals within teams rather than in isolation, contrasts with the discourse of resilience as a personal characteristic, which should be strengthened at the individual level.ConclusionProfessional resilience is about more than individual strength. Policies to promote professional resilience, particularly in settings such as areas of high socioeconomic deprivation, must recognise the importance of flexibility, adaptability, working as teams, and successful integration between work and personal values.

scholarly journals Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2080-2088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne J. Kelson ◽  
Michael R. Miller ◽  
Tasha Q. Thompson ◽  
Sean M. O’Rourke ◽  
Stephanie M. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Genomic Region

Partial migration is a common phenomenon wherein populations include migratory and resident individuals. Whether an individual migrates or not has important ecological and management implications, particularly within protected populations. Within partially migratory populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss, migration is highly correlated with a specific genomic region, but it is unclear how well this region predicts migration at the individual level. Here, we relate sex and life history genotype, determined using >400 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the migratory-linked genomic region, to life history expression of marked juvenile O. mykiss from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, northern California. Most resident fish were resident genotypes (57% resident, 37% heterozygous, 6% migratory genotype) and male (78%). Most migratory fish were female (62%), but were a mixture of genotypes (30% resident, 45% heterozygous, 25% migratory genotype). Sex was more strongly correlated with life history expression than genotype, but the best-supported model included both. Resident genotypes regularly migrated, highlighting the importance of conserving the full suite of life history and genetic diversity in partially migratory populations.

Moral Universalism: Measurement and Economic Relevance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Enke ◽  
Ricardo Rodríguez-Padilla ◽  
Florian Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Educational Investments ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Study Heterogeneity ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Moral Universalism ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Large Representative

Many applied economic settings involve trade-offs between in-group members and strangers. To better understand decision making in these contexts, this paper measures and investigates the economic relevance of heterogeneity in moral universalism: the extent to which people exhibit the same level of altruism and trust toward strangers as toward in-group members. We first introduce a new experimentally validated, survey-based measure of moral universalism that is simple and easily scalable. We then deploy this tool in a large, representative sample of the U.S. population to study heterogeneity and economic relevance. We find that universalism is a relatively stable trait at the individual level. In exploratory analyses, heterogeneity in universalism is significantly related to observables: Older people, men, the rich, the rural, and the religious exhibit less universalist preferences and beliefs. Linking variation in universalism to self-reports of economic and social behaviors, we document the following correlations. Universalists donate less money locally, but more globally, and are less likely to exhibit home bias in equity and educational investments. In terms of social networks, universalists have fewer friends, spend less time with them, and feel more lonely. These results provide a blueprint for measuring moral universalism in applied settings and suggest that variation in universalism is relevant for understanding a myriad of economic behaviors. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis.

When organization meets emotions, does the socio-relational framework fail?

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Basso ◽  
Olivier Oullier
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relational Framework

AbstractWe suggest that the framework proposed by Vigil is useful in laboratory contexts but might come up short for in vivo social interactions. Emotions result from cost-benefits trade-offs but are not solely generated at the individual level to establish emotional social spheres. In organizational contexts, emotion expression can be a constitutive part of a professional activity, and observed sex differences might vanish.

Creating a Competitive Advantage by Occupying Critical Position: Analysis of the Tourism Academy Network in Taiwan

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Chih-Hsing Liu ◽  
Bernard Gan
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Knowledge Quality ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyzed the relationship between the critical network position and knowledge creation at the individual level. The hypothesis was tested among a sample of 109 tourism research scholars from 24 universities with tourism management departments. The majority of these universities are located in northern, middle, or southern Taiwan. The analyses tracked 466 scholars’ publications, 651 applications for research funding, and 675 coauthorships between 1993 and 2012. The results revealed trade-offs and nonlinear relationships between the critical position and the quality/quantity of knowledge created. Furthermore, research funding played important moderating roles, as it positively moderated the association between critical position and knowledge quality but negatively moderated knowledge quantity.

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