scholarly journals First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Begoña Ben-Gigirey ◽  
Araceli E. Rossignoli ◽  
Pilar Riobó ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
First Time

A paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episode developed in summer 2018 in the Rías Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The outbreak was associated with an unprecedentedly intense and long-lasting harmful algal bloom (HAB) (~one month) caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analyzed in extracts of 45 A. minutum strains isolated from the bloom by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PCOX-FLD). PSTs were also evaluated in tissues from marine fauna (invertebrates and fish) collected during the episode and in dolphin samples. The analysis of 45 A. minutum strains revealed a toxic profile including GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 toxins. With regard to the marine fauna samples, the highest PSTs levels were quantified in bivalve mollusks, but the toxins were also found in mullets, mackerels, starfish, squids and ascidians. This study reveals the potential accumulation of PSTs in marine invertebrates other than shellfish that could act as vectors in the trophic chain or pose a risk for human consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PSTs are reported in ascidians and starfish from Spain. Moreover, it is the first time that evidence of PSTs in squids is described in Europe.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Evaluation of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Sensitivity to Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Floriane Boullot ◽  
Caroline Fabioux ◽  
Hélène Hégaret ◽  
Pierre Boudry ◽  
Philippe Soudant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
First Time ◽  
Micromolar Range

Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) may bio-accumulate high levels of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) during harmful algal blooms of the genus Alexandrium. These blooms regularly occur in coastal waters, affecting oyster health and marketability. The aim of our study was to analyse the PST-sensitivity of nerves of Pacific oysters in relation with toxin bio-accumulation. The results show that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of saxitoxin (STX) sensitivity, thus providing intermediate STX sensitivity compared to other bivalve species. However, theses nerves were much less sensitive to tetrodotoxin. The STX-sensitivity of compound nerve action potential (CNAP) recorded from oysters experimentally fed with Alexandrium minutum (toxic-alga-exposed oysters), or Tisochrysis lutea, a non-toxic microalga (control oysters), revealed that oysters could be separated into STX-resistant and STX-sensitive categories, regardless of the diet. Moreover, the percentage of toxin-sensitive nerves was lower, and the STX concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of CNAP higher, in recently toxic-alga-exposed oysters than in control bivalves. However, no obvious correlation was observed between nerve sensitivity to STX and the STX content in oyster digestive glands. None of the nerves isolated from wild and farmed oysters was detected to be sensitive to tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, this study highlights the good potential of cerebrovisceral nerves of Pacific oysters for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. In addition, this study shows, for the first time, that C. gigas nerves have micromolar range of STX sensitivity. The STX sensitivity decreases, at least temporary, upon recent oyster exposure to dinoflagellates producing PST under natural, but not experimental environment.

Uptake, distribution and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum in Australian greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata

Toxicon ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Dowsett ◽  
Gustaaf Hallegraeff ◽  
Paul van Ruth ◽  
Roel van Ginkel ◽  
Paul McNabb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

scholarly journals Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Mariana I. C. Raposo ◽  
Maria Teresa S. R. Gomes ◽  
Maria João Botelho ◽  
Alisa Rudnitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proliferation of toxic algae species can lead to harmful algal blooms, during which seafood accumulate high levels of PSTs, posing a health threat to consumers. The existence of PST-transforming enzymes was first remarked due to the divergence of PST profiles and concentrations between contaminated bivalves and toxigenic organisms. Later, several enzymes involved in PST transformation, synthesis and elimination have been identified. The knowledge of PST-transforming enzymes is necessary for understanding the processes of toxin accumulation and depuration in mollusk bivalves. Furthermore, PST-transforming enzymes facilitate the obtainment of pure analogues of toxins as in natural sources they are present in a mixture. Pure compounds are of interest for the development of drug candidates and as analytical reference materials. PST-transforming enzymes can also be employed for the development of analytical tools for toxin detection. This review summarizes the PST-transforming enzymes identified so far in living organisms from bacteria to humans, with special emphasis on bivalves, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and discusses enzymes’ biological functions and potential practical applications.

Multiplexed ELISA screening assay for nine paralytic shellfish toxins in human plasma

The Analyst ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (15) ◽  
pp. 4702-4707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmanabhan Eangoor ◽  
Amruta Sanjay Indapurkar ◽  
Mani Deepika Vakkalanka ◽  
Jennifer Sporty Knaack
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a lethal syndrome that can develop in humans who consume shellfish contaminated with paralytic shellfish toxins. This rapid screening assay can be used to quickly diagnose exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins.

scholarly journals Production of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum Halim from Australia

1989 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasukatsu Oshima ◽  
Mayumi Hirota ◽  
Takeshi Yasumoto ◽  
Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff ◽  
Susan I. Blackburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Differential accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum in the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata

Toxicon ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna A. Murray ◽  
Wayne A. O'Connor ◽  
Alfonsus Alvin ◽  
Troco K. Mihali ◽  
John Kalaitzis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Pinctada Imbricata

Paralytic shellfish poisoning and palytoxin poisoning in dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (7) ◽  
pp. e46-e46
Author(s):  
Nicola Bates ◽  
Cassandra Morrison ◽  
Leah Flaig ◽  
Andrew D Turner
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundFatal cases of exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins and palytoxins have occurred in companion animals but are poorly described.MethodsWe describe one case of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and three cases of palytoxin poisoning in dogs.ResultsMild PSP occurred following ingestion of crab while walking on a beach. Analysis confirmed the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins, particularly decarbamoyl saxitoxin, in clinical samples and marine organisms. This case occurred shortly after an outbreak of PSP in dogs on the eastern coast of England. Palytoxin poisoning occurred in a dog after it chewed coral removed from an aquarium. Signs included collapse, hypothermia, bloody diarrhoea and respiratory distress. The dog was euthanised due to rapid deterioration and poor prognosis. Palytoxin was not detected in a premortem blood sample. Two other dogs in a separate incident developed only mild signs (fever and respiratory distress) after suspected exposure to aerosolised palytoxin and recovered within a few hours.ConclusionCases of PSP are episodic and not common in dogs. Cases of palytoxin exposure are reportedly increasing in humans, and there is presumably also an increased risk to pets. There is no specific treatment for PSP or palytoxin poisoning.

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