scholarly journals Transplant Drugs against SARS, MERS and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
René Hage ◽  
Carolin Steinack ◽  
Fiorenza Gautschi ◽  
Macé M. Schuurmans
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Option ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitor ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Meta Analyses

There is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines to counteract the effects of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and adequately treat the corona virus disease (COVID-19). As these drugs are still under investigation, research also focuses on existing medication with proven effectiveness in other coronaviral diseases. The advantages of existing therapeutic drugs that are currently approved (for other indications) are the known safety profile, general availability and relatively lower costs involved in extending the purpose to a new disease. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are drugs that have shown effectiveness in several coronaviral diseases, and are well-known and widely used drugs in transplant medicine. The aim of this narrative review is to present the current evidence of CNI in coronaviral diseases, the biophysiology of CNI and to suggest possible ways to study CNI as a new treatment option for COVID-19. We searched original papers, observational studies, case reports, and meta-analyses published between 2000 and 2020 in English in the PubMed database and Google Scholar using the keywords: (coronavirus), (treatment), (MERS), (SARS), (COVID-19), (tacrolimus), (ciclosporin), (cyclosporin) AND (calcineurin inhibitor). We excluded studies in patients with clear indications for immunosuppressive therapy. Additionally, we searched in the preprint servers and the World Health Organization bulletin. Ten studies were identified and included. Calcineurin inhibitor therapy has been suggested to be effective for coronaviral diseases in different settings. The results are summarized in a table. CNI should be investigated as a first treatment option based on evidence of direct antiviral effects and its properties preventing severe systemic hyperinflammation, as has been observed in COVID-19 with predominantly pulmonary immunopathological changes.

Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infected individuals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail F. Melicor ◽  
Katrina Loren R. Rey ◽  
Leonila F. Dans
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Wide Confidence Interval ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Health Organization

KEY FINDINGSAsymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur.• Manifestations of COVID-19 are highly varied and may include asymptomatic cases, who do not manifest with anysigns and symptoms despite testing positive for COVID-19 by viral nucleic acid tests. Pre-symptomatic cases areinfected individuals who are still in their incubation period, hence do not exhibit any symptoms yet but eventuallydevelop symptoms.• As of June 2020, only 586 (2.8%) of the 20,990 active cases in the Philippines were classified as asymptomatic,but it is unclear whether cases are pre-symptomatic or carriers (true asymptomatic).• Based on 36 observational studies (case reports, case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies) and 9 statisticalmodeling analysis, asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur. However, 3studies reported no transmission from pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.• Studies on viral load comparing symptomatic cases with pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases reportedcontradicting results. The duration of viral shedding was significantly longer for symptomatic patients comparedto asymptomatic patients but similar for asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients.• Therewas no difference in the transmission rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. However,the estimatedinfectivity and probability of transmission was higherfor symptomatic cases compared to asymptomatic cases, butresults were imprecise due to a wide confidence interval.• The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognize thepossibility of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission. According to WHO, current evidence suggestsasymptomatic cases are less likely to transmit the virus than symptomatic cases.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic: current knowledge about the role of pets and other animals in disease transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Kiros ◽  
Henok Andualem ◽  
Teklehaimanot Kiros ◽  
Wasihun Hailemichael ◽  
Sisay Getu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by a pathogen called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic. This ongoing pandemic has now been reported in 215 countries with more than 23 million confirmed cases and more than 803 thousand deaths worldwide as of August 22, 2020. Although efforts are undergoing, there is no approved vaccine or any specific antiretroviral drug to treat COVID-19 so far. It is now known that SARS-CoV-2 can affect not only humans but also pets and other domestic and wild animals, making it a one health global problem. Several published scientific evidence has shown that bats are the initial reservoir hosts of SARS-CoV-2, and pangolins are suggested as an intermediate hosts. So far, little is known concerning the role of pets and other animals in the transmission of COVID-19. Therefore, updated knowledge about the potential role of pets in the current outbreak will be of paramount importance for effective prevention and control of the disease. This review summarized the current evidence about the role of pets and other animals in the transmission of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Candidates for Treatment of Novel Corona virus disease, COVID-19: Current Scenario and Way Forwards

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Abu Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Health Organization

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread across the globe resulting in a pandemic affecting 215 countries. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in more than 15,000,000 patients and associated with over 1,00,000 deaths globally (Canters for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization). In this review, we herein summarize the current evidence as on June 15, 2020 to provide guidance on potential drugs for COVID-19 treatment or prophylaxis, their scientific rationale and their clinical efficacy and safety. New data continue to emerges daily regarding clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes for COVID-19. Optimized supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy, and the clinical efficacy for the potential therapeutic agents is still under investigation.

scholarly journals Surgical Ciliated Cyst Secondary to Orthognathic Surgery: Report of three cases and review of the literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Díez-Montiel ◽  
Armentia ◽  
Raul Antunez-Conde ◽  
Navarro-Cuéllar ◽  
Tousidonis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lytic Lesion ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Posterior Maxilla ◽  
Delayed Complication ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: Surgical ciliated cysts (SCC) of the maxilla appear as a delayed complication after surgery in the maxillary sinus, midface osteotomies, traumatic tooth extraction, and maxillary fractures. They are defined as a lytic lesion with entrapment of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium.Report of three cases: We present three patients in which after orthognathic surgery a slowly enlarging asymptomatic swelling mass was developed. On CT, all the cases presented lytic expansive lesions in the alveolar ridge. In the three cases, lesions were completely excised, and upon histological examination, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells was found so they were diagnosed as SCC. An exhaustive review of the medical literature was conducted. The PubMed database was searched for PubMed Central (PMC). 44 references were found, reporting 1555 cases: 11 series and 33 case reports, being the largest series from the Asian countries. The mean age was 46.5 years, and more frequently described in male patients. The most frequent form of presentation was as unilateral unilocular cysts in the posterior maxilla. They were described most frequently after a Caldwell-Luc approach. The average latency time was of 19.9 years.Conclusion: SCC is a rare complication after orthognathic surgery, but large series have been published, so maybe it could be interesting to include these cysts in the next Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of the Head and Neck Tumors: Odontogenic and Maxillofacial Bone Tumors, making clear the difference between SCC and mucoceles to avoid future confusions.

scholarly journals EDUKASI PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN COVID- 19 MELALUI DISIPLIN MENERAPKAN PROTOKOL KESEHATAN DI DESA PEGAYUT KABUPATEN OGAN ILIR TAHUN 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Heni Sumastri ◽  
Sari Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRAKVirus Corona merupakan bagian dari keluarga virus yang menyebabkan penyakit mulai dari flu hingga penyakit yang lebih berat. World Health Organization (WHO) memberi nama virus ini Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) dan nama penyakitnya sebagai Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infeksi SARS-CoV-2 pada manusia menimbulkan gejala gangguan pernapasan akut. Bukti saat ini mengindikasikan bahwa transmisi SARS-CoV-2 terjadi terutama dari orang ke orang melalui kontak langsung, tidak langsung, atau erat dengan orang yang terinfeksi melalui sekresi terinfeksi. Rekomendasi standar untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi adalah melalui cuci tangan secara teratur, menerapkan etika batuk dan bersin, menghindari kontak secara langsung. Selain rekomendasi diatas, pemerintah juga mengajurkan untuk dapat menerapkan Slogan 4M untuk memutus mata rantai penyebaran COVID-19 yakni dengan Memakai Masker, Mencuci Tangan, Menjaga Jarak, Menghindari Kerumunan. Berdasarkan hasil observasi didapatkan bahwa pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai cara mencegah penyebaran COVID-19 masih rendah serta kurang disiplinnya masyarakat dalam menerapkan protokol kesehatan. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat ini untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan mengenai cara pencegahan penularan COVID-19 melalui penerapan protokol kesehatan 4M. Kegiatan dilakukan di Desa Pegayut Kabupaten Ogan Ilir pada Desember 2020 yang diikuti oleh 35 orang. Kegiatan diawali dengan persiapan, pembagian leaflet, penjelasan materi dengan metode ceramah tanya jawab, demonstrasi dan evaluasi. Hasil dalam pengabdian masyarakat ini terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat desa mengenai cara pencegahan penularan COVID-19 melalui penerapan protokol kesehatan 4M. Luaran yang dicapai adalah peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai cara pencegahan penularan COVID-19 dan keterampilan memakai masker dan mencuci tangan dengan benar. Kata Kunci : covid-19; pencegahan; penularan; protokol kesehatan. ABSTRACT Coronaviruses are part of a family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the flu to more severe diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) named this virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the name of the disease Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans causes symptoms of acute respiratory distress. Current evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurs primarily from person to person through direct, indirect, or close contact with an infected person through infected secretions. Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of infection are through regular hand washing, practicing coughing and sneezing etiquette, avoiding direct contact. In addition to the suggestions above, the government also recommends implementing the 4M Slogan to break the chain of the spread of COVID-19, namely by wearing masks, washing hands, maintaining distance, and avoiding crowds. Based on the results of observations, it was found that public knowledge about how to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is still low and the community lacks discipline in implementing health protocols. This community service aims to increase knowledge and skills regarding how to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 through the application of the 4M health protocol. The activity was carried out in Pegayut Village, Ogan Ilir Regency, in December 2020, which was attended by 35 people. The training begins with preparation, distribution of leaflets, explanation of the material using the question and answers lecture method, demonstration, and evaluation. The results in this community service were an increase in the knowledge of the village community about how to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 through the application of the 4M health protocol. The output achieved was an increase in public knowledge about how to avoid the transmission of COVID-19 and skills to wear masks and wash hands properly. Keywords: covid-19: prevention; transmission; health protocol. 

COVID 19: REALS AND CHALLENGES AGAINST DOCTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-87
Author(s):  
Zen Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Pneumonia Case ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
Health Organization

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) is a contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was discovered in December 2019 in China. This disease can cause clinical manifestations in the airway, lung and systemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) representative of China reported a pneumonia case with unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China on December 31, 2019. The cause was identified as a new type of coronavirus on January 7, 2020 with an estimated source of the virus from traditional markets (seafood market). ) Wuhan city

scholarly journals Management and Treatment of Hepatitis C: Are There Still Unsolved Problems and Unique Populations?

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1048
Author(s):  
Virginia Solitano ◽  
Maria Corina Plaz Torres ◽  
Nicola Pugliese ◽  
Alessio Aghemo
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Decompensated Cirrhosis ◽  
Drug Side Effects ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Direct Acting

Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) have revolutionized the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, possibly leading to HCV elimination by 2030 as endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, some patients belonging to the so-called unique or special populations are referred to as difficult-to-treat due to unreached sustained virological response, potential drug side effects or interactions or co-morbidities. Several years after the DAA introduction and on the basis of excellent findings in terms of efficacy and safety, some doubts arise around the exact meaning of the special population designation and whether this group of patients actually exists. The aim of this review is to discuss and analyze current evidence on the management and treatment of the so-called “unique populations”. We placed particular emphasis on patients with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), coinfections, rare genotypes, and previous treatment failure, in order to provide physicians with an updated overview of the actual problems and needs in the current scenario.

scholarly journals Presenting Psychiatric and Neurological Symptoms and Signs of Brain Tumors before Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Fatima Ghandour ◽  
Alessio Squassina ◽  
Racha Karaky ◽  
Mona Diab-Assaf ◽  
Paola Fadda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Brain Tumor Diagnosis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Brain tumors can present with various psychiatric symptoms, with or without neurological symptoms, an aspect that complicates the clinical picture. However, no systematic description of symptoms that should prompt a neurological investigation has been provided. This review aims to summarize available case reports describing patients with brain tumors showing psychiatric symptoms before brain tumor diagnosis, in order to provide a comprehensive description of these symptoms as well as their potential relationship with delay in the diagnosis. A systematic literature review on case reports of brain tumors and psychiatric symptoms from 1970 to 2020 was conducted on PubMed, Ovid, Psych Info, and MEDLINE. Exclusion criteria comprised tumors not included in the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification 4th edition and cases in which psychiatric symptoms were absent or followed the diagnosis. A total of 165 case reports were analyzed. In a subset of patients with brain tumors, psychiatric symptoms can be the only manifestation or precede focal neurological signs by months or even years. The appearance of focal or generalized neurological symptoms after, rather than along with, psychiatric symptoms was associated with a significant delay in the diagnosis in adults. A timely assessment of psychiatric symptoms might help to improve early diagnosis of brain tumors.

scholarly journals Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (16) ◽  
pp. 2137-2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella S. Battagello ◽  
Guilherme Dragunas ◽  
Marianne O. Klein ◽  
Ana L.P. Ayub ◽  
Fernando J. Velloso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cellular Interaction ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

Abstract The highly infective coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel strain of coronaviruses – the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) – discovered in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan (Hubei Province, China). Remarkably, COVID-19 has rapidly spread across all continents and turned into a public health emergency, which was ultimately declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in early 2020. SARS-CoV-2 presents similar aspects to other members of the coronavirus family, mainly regarding its genome, protein structure and intracellular mechanisms, that may translate into mild (or even asymptomatic) to severe infectious conditions. Although the mechanistic features underlying the COVID-19 progression have not been fully clarified, current evidence have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may primarily behave as other β-coronavirus members. To better understand the development and transmission of COVID-19, unveiling the signaling pathways that may be impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection, at the molecular and cellular levels, is of crucial importance. In this review, we present the main aspects related to the origin, classification, etiology and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, here we describe the potential mechanisms of cellular interaction and signaling pathways, elicited by functional receptors, in major targeted tissues/organs from the respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems. Furthermore, the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of COVID-19 symptoms in these organ systems are presently discussed. A brief description of future perspectives related to potential COVID-19 treatments is also highlighted.

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