scholarly journals Vaccine Development for Herpes Simplex Viruses: A Commentary of Special Issue Editors

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Antonella Caputo ◽  
Peggy Marconi
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cold Sores ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Overt Disease

Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) are global, widespread human pathogens transmitted by direct contact that cause lifelong, recurrent asymptomatic and painful symptomatic clinical illnesses (cold sores, keratitis, blepharitis, meningitis, encephalitis, genital infections), overt disease and severe sequelae in neonatal and immune-compromised patients, and increased risk of cervical cancer and other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV [...]

scholarly journals Mucosal Herpes Immunity and Immunopathology to Ocular and Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Alami Chentoufi ◽  
Lbachir BenMohamed
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Cold Sores ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Disseminated Disease ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are amongst the most common human infectious viral pathogens capable of causing serious clinical diseases at every stage of life, from fatal disseminated disease in newborns to cold sores genital ulcerations and blinding eye disease. Primary mucocutaneous infection with HSV-1 & HSV-2 is followed by a lifelong viral latency in the sensory ganglia. In the majority of cases, herpes infections are clinically asymptomatic. However, in symptomatic individuals, the latent HSV can spontaneously and frequently reactivate, reinfecting the muco-cutaneous surfaces and causing painful recurrent diseases. The innate and adaptive mucosal immunities to herpes infections and disease remain to be fully characterized. The understanding of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms operating at muco-cutaneous surfaces is fundamental to the design of next-generation herpes vaccines. In this paper, the phenotypic and functional properties of innate and adaptive mucosal immune cells, their role in antiherpes immunity, and immunopathology are reviewed. The progress and limitations in developing a safe and efficient mucosal herpes vaccine are discussed.

scholarly journals Increased infections by herpes simplex virus type 1 and polymicrobials of the genital tract, in the general population of a Spanish middle city

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Pérez-Torralba ◽  
María Ruiz-Olivares ◽  
Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez ◽  
Manuela Expósito-Ruíz ◽  
José María Navarro-Marí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Simplex Virus

Introduction. Infections by genitopathogens are a frequent reason for consultation in Primary Health Care and in the specialties of Infectious Diseases, Urology, Gynecology, and Dermatology. The most common causes are opportunistic microorganisms and responsible for sexually transmitted infections associated with unprotected sex. The objective is to determine the microorganisms that cause these infections in patients treated at the Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves in Granada and Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to antibiotics. Material and methods. A transversal-descriptive and retrospective study was carried out, which included the results issued, between January 2018 and December 2019, in the Microbiology Laboratory from all the episodes studied using standardized working procedures. Results. The most frequently detected microorganisms were Gardnerella vaginalis (23.81%) followed by Candida spp. (20.9%), especially in females, and N. gonorrhoeae (11.36%) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (11.99%), in males. Many times, they were presented in combination. Regarding herpes simplex viruses, infection by both species had a similar prevalence (50%) in males, while type 1 was more prevalent (76.52%) in females. The most active antibiotics against N. gonorrhoeae were cefotaxime (98%) and cefixime (100%). Tetracycline (39.02%) a poorly active antibiotic. Conclusions. The most frequent pathogens corresponded to those that usually caused infections in females, although N. gonorrhoeae was the most frequent in males and mixed infections are not an accidental finding. HSV-1 infections were more frequent than HSV-2, confirming the trend of a change in the epidemiology of genital herpes.

scholarly journals θ Defensins Protect Cells from Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus by Inhibiting Viral Adhesion and Entry

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 5147-5156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Yasin ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Mabel Pang ◽  
Natalia Cheshenko ◽  
Teresa Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Temperature Shift ◽  
Virus Surface ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Viral Attachment ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We tested the ability of 20 synthetic θ defensins to protect cells from infection by type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and -2, respectively). The peptides included rhesus θ defensins (RTDs) 1 to 3, originally isolated from rhesus macaque leukocytes, and three peptides (retrocyclins 1 to 3) whose sequences were inferred from human θ-defensin (DEFT) pseudogenes. We also tested 14 retrocyclin analogues, including the retro, enantio, and retroenantio forms of retrocyclin 1. Retrocyclins 1 and 2 and RTD 3 protected cervical epithelial cells from infection by both HSV serotypes, but only retrocyclin 2 did so without causing cytotoxicity or requiring preincubation with the virus. Surface plasmon resonance studies revealed that retrocyclin 2 bound to immobilized HSV-2 glycoprotein B (gB2) with high affinity (Kd , 13.3 nM) and that it did not bind to enzymatically deglycosylated gB2. Temperature shift experiments indicated that retrocyclin 2 and human α defensins human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP 1) to HNP 3 protected human cells from HSV-2 by different mechanisms. Retrocyclin 2 blocked viral attachment, and its addition during the binding or penetration phases of HSV-2 infection markedly diminished nuclear translocation of VP16 and expression of ICP4. In contrast, HNPs 1 to 3 had little effect on binding but reduced both VP16 transport and ICP4 expression if added during the postbinding (penetration) period. We recently reported that θ defensins are miniature lectins that bind gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with high affinity and inhibit the entry of R5 and X4 isolates of HIV-1. Given its small size (18 residues), minimal cytotoxicity, lack of activity against vaginal lactobacilli, and effectiveness against both HSV-2 and HIV-1, retrocyclin 2 provides an intriguing prototype for future topical microbicide development.

scholarly journals Development of vaccines against the sexually transmitted infections gonorrhoea, syphilis, Chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus and Zika virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 251513552092388
Author(s):  
Edwin David G. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Simplex Virus

The success in preventing hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus infections by means of vaccination paves the way for the development of other vaccines to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus and Zika virus. The current status of vaccine development for these infections will be explored in this review. The general principles for success include the need for prevention of latency, persistence and repeat infections. A reduction in transmission of STIs would reduce the global burden of disease. Therapeutic activity of vaccines against STIs would be advantageous over preventative activity alone, and prevention of congenital and neonatal infections would be an added benefit. There would be an added value in the prevention of long-term consequences of STIs. It may be possible to re-purpose ‘old’ vaccines for new indications. One of the major challenges is the determination of the target populations for STI vaccination.

scholarly journals Characterization of Herpes Simplex Viruses Selected in Culture for Resistance to Penciclovir or Acyclovir

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1761-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Sarisky ◽  
Matthew R. Quail ◽  
Philip E. Clark ◽  
Tammy T. Nguyen ◽  
Wendy S. Halsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Penciclovir (PCV), an antiherpesvirus agent in the same class as acyclovir (ACV), is phosphorylated in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells by the viral thymidine kinase (TK). Resistance to ACV has been mapped to mutations within either the TK or the DNA polymerase gene. An identical activation pathway, the similarity in mode of action, and the invariant cross-resistance of TK-negative mutants argue that the mechanisms of resistance to PCV and ACV are likely to be analogous. A total of 48 HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 isolates were selected after passage in the presence of increasing concentrations of PCV or ACV in MRC-5 cells. Phenotypic analysis suggested these isolates were deficient in TK activity. Moreover, sequencing of the TK genes from ACV-selected mutants identified two homopolymeric G-C nucleotide stretches as putative hot spots, thereby confirming previous reports examining Acvr clinical isolates. Surprisingly, mutations identified in PCV-selected mutants were generally not in these regions but distributed throughout the TK gene and at similar frequencies of occurrence within A-T or G-C nucleotides, regardless of virus type. Furthermore, HSV-1 isolates selected in the presence of ACV commonly included frameshift mutations, while PCV-selected HSV-1 mutants contained mostly nonconservative amino acid changes. Data from this panel of laboratory isolates show that Pcvr mutants share cross-resistance and only limited sequence similarity with HSV mutants identified following ACV selection. Subtle differences between PCV and ACV in the interaction with viral TK or polymerase may account for the different spectra of genotypes observed for the two sets of mutants.

scholarly journals Cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies constitute a correlate of protection against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 reactivations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Wolf ◽  
Mira Alt ◽  
Robin Dittrich ◽  
Miriam Dirks ◽  
Leonie Schipper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Correlate Of Protection ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Cell Spread ◽  
Hsv 1

AbstractHerpes simplex viruses (HSV) cause ubiquitous human infections. For vaccine development, knowledge concerning correlates of protection against HSV is essential. Therefore, we investigated if humans principally can produce highly protective cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies upon natural infection and whether such antibody responses correlate with protection from HSV reactivation. We established a high-throughput HSV-1 GFP reporter virus-based assay and screened 2496 human plasma samples for HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies. We conducted a survey among the blood donors to analyze the correlation between the presence of cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies in plasma and the frequency of HSV reactivations. In total, 128 of 2496 blood donors (5.1 %) exhibited high levels of HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies in the plasma. Such individuals showed a significantly lower frequency of HSV reactivations compared to subjects without sufficient levels of HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies. This study provides two important findings: (I) a fraction of humans produce HSV cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies upon natural infection and (II) such antibodies correlate with protection against recurrent HSV. Moreover, these elite neutralizers can provide promising material for hyperimmunoglobulin, the isolation of superior antiviral antibodies and information for the design of a vaccine against HSV.ImportanceHerpes simplex virus 1 infections can cause painful mucosal lesions at the oral or genital tract and severe, life threatening disease in immunosuppressed patients or neonates. There is no approved vaccine available, and the emergence of drug resistances especially in long time treated patients makes the treatment increasingly difficult. We tested 2496 people for HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies. Five percent exhibited functional titers such antibodies and showed significantly lower risk of reactivations, uncovering cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies as a correlate of protection against Herpes simplex virus reactivations. Isolation of the cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies from B-cells of these donors may contribute to develop novel antibody-based interventions for prophylactic and therapeutic use and provide starting material for vaccine development.

scholarly journals Performance of Two Commercial Glycoprotein G-Based Enzyme Immunoassays for Detecting Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 in Children and Young Adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1124-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Leach ◽  
Rhoda L. Ashley ◽  
Jacques Baillargeon ◽  
Hal B. Jenson
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Children And Young Adolescents ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT In 61 patients 1 to 14 years of age, the Gull/Meridian enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) had a sensitivity of 100% for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and specificities of 74% for HSV-1 and 48% for HSV-2. In 128 similarly aged patients, the HerpeSelect ELISA (Focus Technologies) showed sensitivities of 80% for HSV-1 and 88% for HSV-2, and specificities of 97% for HSV-1 and 100% for HSV-2.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy: A Pilot Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
A. Bellizzi ◽  
D. Fioriti ◽  
V. Marcone ◽  
E. Anzivino ◽  
M. Mischitelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Simplex Virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral diseases worldwide. HSV type 2 causes most genital herpes and HSV type 1 is usually transmitted via non-sexual contacts. We studied 109 pregnant women between January 2007 and December 2008, in relation to their age, condom use, number of sexual partners, age at first intercourse, parity and smoking habits. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HSV cervical infection and HSV co-infection with other genital microorganisms associated with poor neonatal outcome. Our results show that of the 109 outpatients enrolled, 30% were HSV1 and/or HSV2 positive, of whom 30% were infected with both HSV1 and HSV2, 18% were infected with HSV1 alone and 52% with HSV2 alone. A significant association between HSV1 and HSV2 infection was found, and the prevalence of HSV2 infection in women infected with HSV1 was 63%. The prevalence of HSV1/2 varied in the presence of other vaginal microorganisms but a statistical significant association was not found. This pilot study is probably too small to obtain statistically significant results. Nevertheless, using these observed results, we calculated that about 530 patients with comparable features should be enrolled to detect an increase of 50% in HSV infection due to the presence of other genital infections and potential risk factors.

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