scholarly journals Charging and Discharging Strategies of Electric Vehicles: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Claude Ziad El-Bayeh ◽  
Khaled Alzaareer ◽  
Al-Motasem I. Aldaoudeyeh ◽  
Brahim Brahmi ◽  
Mohamed Zellagui
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Grid Side ◽  
Grid Operation ◽  
Ev Charging ◽  
Detrimental Impact

The literature covering Plug-in Electric Vehicles (EVs) contains many charging/discharging strategies. However, none of the review papers covers such strategies in a complete fashion where all patterns of EVs charging/discharging are identified. Filling a gap in the literature, we clearly and systematically classify such strategies. After providing a clear definition for each strategy, we provide a detailed comparison between them by categorizing differences as follows: complexity; economics and power losses on the grid side; ability to provide ancillary services for integrity of the power grid; operation aspects (e.g., charging timing); and detrimental impact on the EV, the power grid, or the environment. Each one of these comparison categories is subdivided into even more detailed aspects. After we compare the EV charging/discharging strategies, we further provide recommendations on which strategies are suitable for which applications. Then, we provide ratings for each strategy by weighting all aspects of comparison together. Our review helps authors or aggregators explore likely choices that might suit the specific needs of their systems or test beds.

scholarly journals Optimal Charging Navigation Strategy Design for Rapid Charging Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangyi Mo ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Kangjie Lin ◽  
Shuaiqi Duan
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Real Time Traffic ◽  
Regulation Scheme ◽  
Navigation Strategy ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Grid Operation

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become an efficient solution to making a transportation system environmentally friendly. However, as the number of EVs grows, the power demand from charging vehicles increases greatly. An unordered charging strategy for huge EVs affects the stability of a local power grid, especially during peak times. It becomes serious under the rapid charging mode, in which the EVs will be charged fully within a shorter time. In contrast to regular charging, the power quality (e.g.,voltages deviation, harmonic distortion) is affected when multiple EVs perform rapid charging at the same station simultaneously. To reduce the impacts on a power grid system caused by rapid charging, we propose an optimal EV rapid charging navigation strategy based on the internet of things network. The rapid charging price is designed based on the charging power regulation scheme. Both power grid operation and real-time traffic information are considered. The formulated objective of the navigation strategy is proposed to minimize the synthetic costs of EVs, including the traveling time and the charging costs. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

scholarly journals Four-Quadrant Operations of Bidirectional Chargers for Electric Vehicles in Smart Car Parks: G2V, V2G, and V4G

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Tingting He ◽  
Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu ◽  
Mingli Wu ◽  
Qinyao Yang ◽  
Teng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Operation Modes ◽  
Constant Current Charging ◽  
Grid Side ◽  
Four Quadrant ◽  
Grid Operation

This paper presents the four-quadrant operation modes of bidirectional chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) framed in smart car parks. A cascaded model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the bidirectional two-stage off-board chargers is proposed. The controller is constructed in two stages. The model predictive direct power control for the grid side is applied to track the active/reactive power references. The model predictive direct current control is proposed to achieve constant current charging/discharging for the EV load side. With this MPC strategy, EV chargers are able to transmit the active and reactive powers between the EV batteries and the power grid. Apart from exchanging the active power, the vehicle-for-grid (V4G) mode is proposed, where the chargers are used to deliver the reactive power to support the grid, simultaneously combined with grid-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-grid operation modes. In the V4G mode, the EV battery functions as the static var compensator. According to the simulation results, the system can operate effectively in the full control regions of the active and reactive power (PQ) plane under the aforementioned operation modes. Fast dynamic response and great steady-state system performances can be verified through various simulation and experimental results.

scholarly journals Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Scarabaggio ◽  
Raffaele Carli ◽  
Graziana Cavone ◽  
Mariagrazia Dotoli
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Grid Model ◽  
Primary Frequency

Nowadays, due to the decreasing use of traditional generators in favor of renewable energy sources, power grids are facing a reduction of system inertia and primary frequency regulation capability. Such an issue is exacerbated by the continuously increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), which results in enforcing novel approaches in the grid operations management. However, from being an issue, the increase of EVs may turn to be a solution to several power system challenges. In this context, a crucial role is played by the so-called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode of operation, which has the potential to provide ancillary services to the power grid, such as peak clipping, load shifting, and frequency regulation. More in detail, EVs have recently started to be effectively used for one of the most traditional frequency regulation approaches: the so-called frequency droop control (FDC). This is a primary frequency regulation, currently obtained by adjusting the active power of generators in the main grid. Because to the decommissioning of traditional power plants, EVs are thus recognized as particularly valuable solutions since they can respond to frequency deviation signals by charging or discharging their batteries. Against this background, we address frequency regulation of a power grid model including loads, traditional generators, and several EVs. The latter independently participate in the grid optimization process providing the grid with ancillary services, namely the FDC. We propose two novel control strategies for the optimal control of the batteries of EVs during the frequency regulation service. On the one hand, the control strategies ensure re-balancing the power and stabilizing the frequency of the main grid. On the other hand, the approaches are able to satisfy different types of needs of EVs during the charging process. Differently from the related literature, where the EVs perspective is generally oriented to achieve the optimal charge level, the proposed approaches aim at minimizing the degradation of battery devices. Finally, the proposed strategies are compared with other state-of-the-art V2G control approaches. The results of numerical experiments using a realistic power grid model show the effectiveness of the proposed strategies under the actual operating conditions.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Role of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid: Field Validation of Multiple Ancillary Services

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Knezovic ◽  
Sergejus Martinenas ◽  
Peter Bach Andersen ◽  
Antonio Zecchino ◽  
Mattia Marinelli
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Field Validation

scholarly journals The Architecture Design of Electrical Vehicle Infrastructure Using Viable System Model Approach

Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Mahdi Boucetta ◽  
Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain ◽  
Raed Jaradat ◽  
Charles Keating ◽  
Siham Tazzit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Viable System Model ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Viable System ◽  
Station Location ◽  
Ev Charging

Exponential technological-based growth in industrialization and urbanization, and the ease of mobility that modern motorization offers have significantly transformed social structures and living standards. As a result, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained widespread popularity as a mode of sustainable transport. The increasing demand for of electric vehicles (EVs) has reduced the some of the environmental issues and urban space requirements for parking and road usage. The current body of EV literature is replete with different optimization and empirical approaches pertaining to the design and analysis of the EV ecosystem; however, probing the EV ecosystem from a management perspective has not been analyzed. To address this gap, this paper develops a systems-based framework to offer rigorous design and analysis of the EV ecosystem, with a focus on charging station location problems. The study framework includes: (1) examination of the EV charging station location problem through the lens of a systems perspective; (2) a systems view of EV ecosystem structure; and (3) development of a reference model for EV charging stations by adopting the viable system model. The paper concludes with the methodological implications and utility of the reference model to offer managerial insights for practitioners and stakeholders.

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