scholarly journals Economic inequality in Germany, 1500-1800

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-324
Author(s):  
Ulrich Pfister
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Relative Factor ◽  
Agrarian Institutions

The chapter reviews existing evidence regarding four aspects of economic inequality: relative factor rents, which relate to the factorial distribution of income and also underlie the so-called Williamson index (y/wus), which is correlated with the Gini index of household income; real inequality in terms of opposite movements of the price of consumer baskets consumed by different strata of society; the inequality of pay according to gender and skill, as well as between town and countryside; and wealth inequality, particularly with respect to the access to land. The main result is that, with given technology and agrarian institutions, there is a positive correlation between population and inequality.

scholarly journals The distribution of wealth in Spain and the USA: the role of socioeconomic factors

SERIEs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Salas-Rojo ◽  
Juan Gabriel Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Counterfactual Decomposition ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractThe literature has typically found that the distribution of socioeconomic factors like education, labor status and income does not account for the remarkable wealth inequality disparities between countries. As a result, their different institutions and other latent factors receive all the credit. Here, we propose to focus on one type of wealth inequality, the inequality of opportunities (IOp) in wealth: the share of overall wealth inequality explained by circumstances like inheritances and parental education. By means of a counterfactual decomposition method, we find that imposing the distribution of socioeconomic factors of the USA into Spain has little effect on total, financial and real estate wealth inequality. On the contrary, these factors play an important role when wealth IOp is considered. A Shapley value decomposition shows that the distribution of education and labor status in the USA consistently increase wealth IOp when imposed into Spain, whereas the opposite effect is found for the distribution of income.

Changes in Income Distribution in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Income inequality in Brazil, already high, increased after the military coup of 1964 and remained very high even after democratization in the 1980s. It decreased substantially in the period 2001–2014, after inflation was controlled. The Gini index of the per capita household income dropped from 0.594 in 2001 to 0.513 in 2014. The determinants of this decline in inequality are analyzed considering the components of that income and how each one affected changes in inequality, showing the impact of changes in the remuneration of private sector employees and in pensions paid by the government, as well as federal transfer programs. Changes in education lie behind the first of these effects, and the increase of the minimum wage reinforced all three. The economic crises after 2014 interrupted the process of decline, and among economically active persons, inequality even increased from 2014 to 2015. Measures to further reduce inequality are suggested.

Income and Wealth Inequality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Sariscsany
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Grand Challenges ◽  
Critical Issues

Reversing extreme economic inequality is one of the grand challenges for social work, identified as one of the most critical issues in the field. Two key types of economic inequality, income and wealth inequality are described. Although, wealth and income inequality are often discussed synonymously they have differing levels of inequality and impact clients’ lives differently. Perhaps more importantly, as this article describes, solving income and wealth inequality require differing solutions. The article further explores the specific income and wealth inequality experienced by women and people of color, due in part to discrimination. Lastly, the efforts of social workers to address economic inequality through research, practice, and advocacy are described.

Sozio-ökonomische Ungleichheit: Verfassungstheoretische Bedeutung, verfassungsrechtliche Reaktionen

Der Staat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-210
Author(s):  
Konstantin Chatziathanasiou
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Constitutional Theory ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Federal Constitutional

Der Beitrag behandelt sozio-ökonomische Ungleichheit als verfassungsrelevante Herausforderung unter dem Grundgesetz. Theoretisch sind unterschiedliche Wirkzusammenhänge zwischen Verfassung und sozio-ökonomischer Ungleichheit möglich. Insbesondere kann sozio-ökonomische Gleichheit als faktische Legitimitätsressource und als demokratische Funktionsbedingung wirken. Empirisch deutet die ökonomische Ungleichheitsforschung auf eine wachsende Vermögensungleichheit in Deutschland hin. Verfassungstheorie und empirische Zustandsbeschreibung treffen sich in der Auslegung des geltenden Verfassungsrechts, das im Hinblick auf das Soziale nur schwach determiniert ist. Die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts formuliert Mindestanforderungen, überlässt die Konkretisierung des Sozialen aber weitgehend der Politik. Die Verfassungsrechtswissenschaft sollte diesen Prozess konstruktiv begleiten, dabei aber zwischen Recht und Theorie unterscheiden. The article addresses socio-economic inequality as a constitutional challenge under the German Basic Law (Grundgesetz). Theoretically, several causal relationships between the constitution and socio-economic inequality are possible and plausible. In particular, socio-economic equality can be a resource of de facto legitimacy and a condition of democracy. Empirically, current economic research indicates growing wealth inequality in Germany. Constitutional theory and empirical description meet in the interpretation and application of actual constitutional law, whose social dimension is only weakly determined. The Federal Constitutional Court formulates minimum requirements, but leaves the concretization of the social dimension essentially to the political branches of government. Constitutional law scholarship should analyse this process constructively, while distinguishing between law and theory.

Inequality and Green Growth

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Fiorino
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
Positional Goods ◽  
Ecological Performance ◽  
Ecological Protection

This chapter examines the role of economic inequality in influencing a society’s capacity for ecological protection and green growth. Its premise is that for two similar political systems differing only in their degree of inequality, the less unequal one will have advantages. Although there still is limited research on the role of income and wealth inequality in influencing ecological performance, evidence suggests that more economically equitable societies hold an advantage. This is partly due to economic factors, such as the tendency in more unequal societies to promote consumption based on status competition and positional goods, but there is evidence of political and social factors as well. High economic inequality increases social mistrust and distance, which undermines the ability to collectively value public goods. Any green growth strategy should account for the sources of and effects of inequality.

scholarly journals Regional Income Inequalities In Poland And Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Jędrzejczak
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Index Decomposition ◽  
Spending Cuts ◽  
Income Concentration

Reducing regional inequality was one of the key means of promoting the “harmonious development” within Europe envisioned in the EEC Treaty of 1957. The pursuit of “economic, social and territorial cohesion” through ever closer regional and national harmonisation was also proclaimed in the 2007 Lisbon Treaty, but deepening European integration has not always been matched with convergence in living standards between sub-national regions. The gap between poorer and richer areas increased during the last economic crisis even in some developed economies, and the income discrepancy between richer and poorer regions is likely to widen further as government-spending cuts disproportionately hurt less prosperous regions. Regional inequalities can be measured in many ways - the extent of inequality may be mapped in terms of demography, income and wealth, labour markets, and education and skills. The main objective of this presentation is to analyse regional inequalities in terms of household income distribution. The empirical evidence comes from the GUS, Istat and Bank of Italy databases and has been analysed by means of inequality and poverty indices calculated at NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 levels. In order to work out the intra-regional and inter-regional contributions to the overall inequality, the Gini index decomposition has been applied. While presenting similar levels of income concentration, Poland and Italy turned out to follow different regional inequality patterns.

scholarly journals Some Major Causes of Current Economic Crises and Leadership Strategies

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asım Şen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Leadership Strategies ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
The People ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

This paper argues that economic inequality is one of the major causes of the current economic crises and provides some appropriate leadership strategies for solving them. Inequality is defined as unequal opportunities for economical activities among the people of a nation and among the nations of the world. The major cause of most current economic crises is the income and wealth inequality which are generated mainly by the economic growth. Leaders in the past and currently could not utilize appropriate strategies to solve the inequality problems and consequently the economic crisis grew and reached the current levels. In order to solve the current economic crises it is necessary to eliminate the economic inequality problems and establish fair and sustainable economic growth. The leadership strategies play crucial role for this process. These strategies included in this paper are establishing the local and global shared vision for all; balancing the income and wealth distribution; providing the equal opportunities for education and employment; sharing the production and consumption; and maintaining the fair and sustainable globalization and economic growth.

scholarly journals Decomposition of Mehran and Piesch inequality measures by factor components and their application to the distribution of per capita household income in Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Inequality Decomposition ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Decomposition Procedure ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Per Capita

Inequality decomposition by factor components is extended to the Mehran and Piesch indices, comparing them with the decomposition of the Gini index, the squared coefficient of variation and the Theil's T coefficient. The decomposition procedure is applied to the distribution of per capita household income in Brazil in 1999, considering six components: earnings of civil servants and military personnel, earnings of other employees, earnings of self-employed workers, earnings of employers, pensions and, finally, all other incomes. One of the results is that for all the five measures used, the concentration ratio of pensions is higher than the overall index of inequality, indicating that this component is contributing to the increase in income inequality.

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