scholarly journals Vulnerability Assessment of Water in Landfill Site and Environs: A Case Study of Olusosun in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
E. O. Makinde ◽  
T. E. Paul ◽  
O. E. Olatunbosun ◽  
P. C. Nwilo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Landfill Site ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drastic Index ◽  
Soil Media ◽  
Modified Drastic ◽  
Health Organization

This study assessed the vulnerability of landfill site in Olusosun, Lagos Nigeria using modified DRASTIC (DRASTIC L) model in a geographical information system environment. It also analyzed water samples with a view to determining the amount of trace metals concentrate present. Water samples were collected from different Boreholes and Wells with a radius of 500m to the landfill site. The modified DRASTIC (DRASTIC L) based on eight parameters such as Depth to water, Net recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, Hydraulic conductivity and Distance to landfill site. The vulnerability index was calculated using a sum overlay of the eight parameters. ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to integrate all these parameters together to obtain Boreholes and Wells vulnerable zones I areas. The results showed that out of a total of 228.38 hectares, only about 47.46 hectare was observed to be within the low vulnerable zone having a DRASTIC index range between 113 – 136; while about 130.65 hectares were found to be in the moderately vulnerable zone with a DRASTIC index ranging between 136 and 144. About 50.28 hectares were within the high vulnerability zone having a DRASTIC index range between 144 and 163.Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used for to test the concentrations of the heavy metals in the water samples collected and found that aside the presence of other heavy metals, Chromium was found to be present in most Wells and Boreholes measuring between 0.08 mg/L and 0.43 mg/L which is above the World Health Organization Standard of 0.05 mg/L for drinking water. This study concluded that the groundwater is contaminated and the level of pollution is directly related to the distance from the landfill.

scholarly journals Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Samples of Tunceli, Turkey

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olcay Kaplan ◽  
Nuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim ◽  
Numan Yildirim ◽  
Nilgun Tayhan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

The drinking water quality is associated with the conditions of the water supply networks, the pollution and the contamination of groundwater with pollutants of both anthropogenic and natural origin. In this study, water samples were taken from four different waterworks in Tunceli, Turkey and heavy metals concentrations (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Hg) were measured. Four sampling sites were pre-defined in different locations of the city. The obtained results showed that, the heavy metals concentrations in water samples did not exceed the values of WHO (World Health Organization), EC (Europe Community), EPA (Environment Protection Agency) and TSE-266 (Turkish Standard) guidelines.

scholarly journals Heavy metal assessment in drinking waters of Ecuador: Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1064
Author(s):  
Isabel Cipriani-Avila ◽  
Jon Molinero ◽  
Eliza Jara-Negrete ◽  
Miren Barrado ◽  
César Arcos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Assessment ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Chemical elements, which are present in drinking water, could vary due to water sources, treatment processes or even the plumbing materials. Most of these elements do not represent a threat, while others, such as heavy metals, have been proven to cause harmful effects over human and aquatic wildlife. In this study, the quality of drinking water in three cities in Ecuador, Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil was assessed through a multielement analysis and the heavy metal pollution index (HPI). A total of 102 drinking water samples and six natural water samples were collected and analyzed. Within the scope of analysis, results show that water quality complies with local and international guidelines. HPI did not show significant differences in the water that is supplied to the different neighborhoods of the three cities studied. However, actions should be taken to protect the sources of water, especially in Guayaquil, due to the presence of lead and chromium. For instance, lead was found in 2.8% of the samples in concentrations above World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values. Thus, we suggest to assessing the quality and age of the plumbing system within the whole country, in order to avoid drinking water contamination with heavy metals.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN DRINKING WATER CONSUMED WITHIN KATSINA METROPOLIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-537
Author(s):  
ABDULRASHID YUSUF ◽  
Abdurrahman Nuraddeen
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

The study involved the analysis of some selected heavy metals in drinking water consumed within Katsina Metropolis. The water samples were collected from Ajiwa dam raw water, taps, wells, boreholes, and sachet waters and the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, and Ni), was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results obtained from the water analysis indicate that cadmium was not found in all the water samples. The concentrations range for lead were  (6.222-109.63)µg/L with maximum concentration value of 109.63 µg/L in Ajiwa dam raw water, above the World Health Organization (WHO) limit, nickel (0.72-6.99)µg/L with maximum concentration value of 6.99 µg/L in borehole water, within WHO limit, chromium (36-72)µg/L with maximum concentration value of 72 µg/L in well water, above WHO limit, cobalt  (4.758-9.516) µg/L with maximum concentration value of 9.516 µg/L in well water, within WHO limit. The results indicate that most of the concentrations of the heavy metals determined were within the WHO limit, except for chromium in well water which may arises from the Government activities of money recycling and incineration of old bank notes which does not affect other water sources in the area and lead in Ajiwa dam raw water which was further removed through water treatment processes. Moreover, the Analysis of Variance  (ANOVA)  indicate no significant difference in the means of the heavy metals concentrations in all the water samples analyzed, and this may be due to the same physicochemical factors and limited industrial activities in the study area

scholarly journals Assessment of Some Heavy Metals and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water of Matara-Uku Wetlands

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Abbas Umar Haruna ◽  
Yahaya Abdullahi Muhammad ◽  
Zaharaddeen Muhammad ◽  
Misbahu Said Ahmad ◽  
Fatima Abdullahi Goje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maximum Contaminant Level ◽  
Contaminant Level ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mean Concentration

The study assessed the levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and some heavy metals in Matara-Uku wetland. Twenty water samples were collected from surface water of Matara-Uku using polyethene plastic container, the physicochemical parameters of the samples were measured and the samples were analyzed for Nitrogen, Phosphorous and heavy metals. Results from physicochemical analysis are obtained as; pH (7.6 – 8.0), total dissolve solid (70.82 - 84.26 mg/l), electric conductivity (105.0 – 163.0 μs/cm) and temperature (24.4 – 25.4ºC). All the results are in line with World Health Organization standard of 6.5 - 8.5, <600 mg/l, 400 μs/cm and ambient temperature respectively.  The Nitrogen and phosphorous were analyzed using UV- Visible spectrophotometer. From the results, it was found that all the samples had Nitrogen level below the World Health Organization maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L with a mean concentration range (0.2293 ± 0.0057) mg/L to (2.2455 ± 0.0216) mg/L. Phosphorus was also analyzed and the results indicated that all the sampling sites had phosphorus level above the WHO maximum contaminant level of 0.03 mg/L with a mean concentration range (3.8208 ± 0.4109) mg/L to (4.56 ± 0.1325) mg/L. The water samples were digested using concentrated HCl and HNO3, in which the digested samples were used for heavy metals analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean concentrations of the heavy metals analyzed were between the ranges Pb (0.1272 ± 0.0445) mg/L to (0.2727 ± 0.1285) mg/L, Cd (0.0026 ± 0.0024) mg/L to (0.0053 ± 0.0054) mg/L and Ni (0.0705 ± 0.0235) mg/L to (0.1411 ± 0.0819) mg/L respectively. Concentrations of Cd and Ni are generally below the maximum permissible limit of 0.03 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, whereas concentrations of Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 0.01 mg/L for surface water. It was concluded that the surface water of Matara-Uku is polluted with respect to Pb, which is known to bio-accumulate and even undergo bio-magnification in organisms such as fishes and even plants with serious health implications to human being.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Accumulation at the Bertam Agricultural Watershed in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Haron S.H ◽  
Ismail S ◽  
Sidek L.M
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
World Health ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Health Organization

The existence of heavy metals residues in water, soil and air poses a serious risk to all living organisms. Heavy metals, such as Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Hg, are major sources of environmental pollution, especially in areas with high anthropogenic and agriculture activities. The objective of this study is to determine the status of heavy metal concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe in the water bodies of Bertam River, which passes through agricultural areas. The water samples were collected randomly in three replicates from 10 sampling points along the Bertam River. The heavy metals in the water were extracted by using filter paper with a pore size of 0.45 mm. The extracted water sample was preserved by adding nitric acid (pH <2). Sample concentrations were then tested for metal concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In this study, the highest mean concentration was Fe (96.04 ± 90.43 ppb), followed by Zn (5.68 ± 0.2.34 ppb), Cu (5.13 ± 2.98 ppb), Cr (1.53 ± 0.19 ppb), Ni (0.85 ± 0.22 ppb), Pb (0.85 ± 1.61 ppb), and Cd (0.027 ± 0.02 ppb), where Fe> Zn> Cu> Pb> Cr> Ni> Cd. However, the concentrations of selected heavy metals in the water samples were below the standards recommended by the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Assessment of Surface Water Contamination by Heavy Metals Due to Agricultural Practices in the Northern Part of Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Batchakoue- Maïga Yaleu ◽  
Abitalib Djibo Hahiou ◽  
Boubié Guel
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the status of the heavy metals As, Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn in the surface water of the Sub-catchment Barrage of Tougou for which water comes mainly from agricultural activities. Place and Duration of Study: A total of 73 water samples were taken at the inflow of the water body and at several points located on the water body, from August to October 2019. Methodology: Water samples were characterized for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-). Heavy metals were analyzed using a microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer (MP-AES), Agilent Model 4210. Results: The EC range was between 27.45 and 53.90 µS/cm with an average pH of 6.4. Nitrate (NO3-) was the most abundant anion in the water (39.70 mg / L) and phosphates (PO43-) were present in very small quantities (0.34 mg / L). The results showed very low concentrations of Pb and Cd, below 5 µg / L and below 2 µg / L, respectively. The concentrations of As, Mn and Zn in the water were 2.8 µg / L, 13.2 µg / L and 9.8 µg / L, respectively. Agricultural practices do not have a significant effect on surface waters. The concentrations of heavy metals analyzed in the water were lower than the standards established by the World Health Organization for drinking water quality. Conclusion: This information, certainly important, does not allow us to conclude on the risk of the consumption of this water on human health. Further studies should be conducted on this water body to evaluate the potential risk for public health and to examine the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments, because it is known that sediments have a high absorption capacity for heavy metals and are then considered the main target for water purification related to heavy metals.

scholarly journals OCORRÊNCIA DO HERBICIDA TEBUTHIURON NA ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA DA MICROBACIA DO CÓRREGO ESPRAIADO, RIBEIRÃO PRETO - SP

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO ANTONIO FERREIRA GOMES ◽  
CLÁUDIO A. SPADOTTO ◽  
VERA LÚCIA LANCHOTTE
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contamination Risk ◽  
Soil Mobility ◽  
Drinkable Water ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Monitoring Area

Pretendeu-se mostrar que o herbicida Tebuthiuron, selecionado entre outros usados na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, oferece risco de contaminação para a água subterrânea em função de suas características físico-químicas, principalmente, quando aplicado em áreas de recarga direta de aqüíferos consideradas de alta vulnerabilidade natural. Assim, efetuou-se monitoramento do referido herbicida no período compreendido entre 1995 e 1999, coletando amostras de água de poço semi-artesiano, com 53 metros de profundidade, localizado na microbacia do Córrego Espraiado, município de Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brasil, no qual tem sido freqüente o uso do produto em questão. Para efeito de testemunha da amostra de água foi considerado um poço semi-artesiano de profundidade semelhante, localizado cerca de três quilômetros de distância do poço objeto de monitoramento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Tebuthiuron está presente em todas as amostras analisadas, embora em concentrações abaixo do nível crítico para padrão de potabilidade, conforme os limites mais restritivos estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (para os pesticidas em uso é de 0,1 µg/L por pesticida e de 0,5 µg/L para pesticidas totais). Mesmo com os baixos valores de concentração encontrados fica evidente que o Tebuthiuron está atingindo a água subterrânea podendo aumentar sua concentração pela existência de condições ambientais favoráveis à preservação da molécula em profundidade (tais como baixa temperatura, baixa atividade biológica e ausência de luz). Caso o nível crítico seja atingido, o risco de contaminação poderia ser minimizado por meio da substituição do Tebuthiuron por outro herbicida com menor mobilidade no perfil do solo. OCCURRENCE OF THE HERBICIDE TEBUTHIURON IN GROUNDWATER OF ESPRAIADO CATCHMENT RIBEIRAO PRETO - SP (BRASIL) Abstract The herbicide Tebuthiuron, selected among others utilized in sugar-cane crop, shows groundwater contamination risk due to its physicochemical properties, mainly, when applied in direct recharge areas of aquifers considered of high natural vulnerability. In this context, the monitoring of this herbicide in the period of 1995 through 1999 was realized, by collecting water samples of aquifers 53 m depht, located in Espraiado catchment, Ribeirao Preto/SP (Brazil) in which the product has been extensively used. For blank assays it was utilized water samples collected similarly 3 Km away from the monitoring area. The results obtained showed that Tebuthiuron is present in all analyzed samples. Although in lower concentrations of the critical level for drinkable water, following the restrictive limits established by World Health Organization (for pesticides in use is 0,1 µg/L by pesticide and of 0,5 µg/L for total pesticides). Even if the low concentration values found it is evident that the Tebuthiuron affects the groundwater, and could enhance its concentration by favorable ambiental conditions for molecule preservation in deep water (such as low temperature, low biological activity and absence of light). The present scenary reflects contamination risk in case of reaching the critical level, which could only be minimized by the substitution of Thebuthiuron for other herbicide with lower soil mobility.

scholarly journals An analysis of heavy metals contamination and estimating the daily intakes of vegetables from Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732098525
Author(s):  
Keneth Iceland Kasozi ◽  
Eric Oloya Otim ◽  
Herbert Izo Ninsiima ◽  
Gerald Zirintunda ◽  
Andrew Tamale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Daily Intakes

Background: Environmental contamination with elevated levels of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr6+), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—all states of which are found in Uganda—raises health risk to the public. Pb, Cr6+, Cd, and Ni for instance are generally considered nonessential to cellular functions, notwithstanding the importance of the oxidative state of the metals in bioavailability. As such, we aimed in this study (i) to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in four vegetables from a typical open-air market in Uganda, (ii) to assess the safety of consuming these vegetables against the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits of heavy metals consumption, and (iii) to formulate a model of estimated daily intake (EDI) among consumers in the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in five georeferenced markets of Bushenyi district in January 2020. Amaranthus, cabbages, scarlet eggplants, and tomatoes were collected from open markets, processed, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Modeled EDI, principal component (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted to identify relationships in the samples. Results: The levels of essential elements in the four vegetables were found to fall from Co > Cu > Fe > Zn. Those of non-essential metals were significantly higher and followed the pattern Cd > Cr > Pb > Ni. The highest EDI values were those of Cu in scarlet eggplants, Zn in amaranthus, Fe in amaranthus, Co in amaranthus, Pb in cabbages, total Cr in scarlet eggplant, Cd in cabbages and tomatoes, and Ni in cabbages. In comparison to international limits, EDIs for Zn, Cu, Co and Fe were low while Ni in cabbages were high. PCA showed high variations in scarlet eggplant and amaranthus. The study vegetables were found to be related with each other, not according to the location of the markets from where they were obtained, but according to their species by CA. Conclusion: The presence of non-essential elements above WHO limits raises policy challenges for the consumption and marketing of vegetables in the study area. Furthermore, low EDIs of essential elements in the vegetables create demand for nutritious foods to promote healthy communities.

scholarly journals Assessment of heavy metals contamination and associated risks in shallow groundwater sources from three different residential areas within Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saheed Adekunle Ganiyu ◽  
Abimbola Temitope Oyadeyi ◽  
Azeem Adedeji Adeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
World Health ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThis study has been conducted to appraise the concentrations of selected heavy metals and total dissolved solids (TDSs) in the drinking water from shallow wells in parts of Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from three representative residential locations [traditional core area (TCA), peri-urban area (PUA), and urban area (UA)] for geochemical analysis. Heavy metals and TDS were analyzed with the aid of atomic absorption spectrophotometer and calibrated meter, respectively. The mean concentration (mg/L) of Zn, Pb Mn, Fe, and Cd has been 3.930, 0.658, 0.0304, 1.698, and 0.501, respectively, and as a consequence, the order of abundance of studied metals was Zn > Fe > Pb > Cd > Mn. Concentrations of Zn, Fe, Pb, and Cd were higher than recommended standards in 60%, 86.7%, 100%, and 100% of groundwater samples, respectively. However, at all points tested, the mean concentrations of Mn and TDS in water samples lie within the safe limits set by World Health Organization. The evaluation of geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor suggests that representative water samples were low-to-moderate contamination. The potential ecological risk index advocates low-to-moderate ecological risk in TCA and PUA, while it demonstrated exclusive “moderate” risk in UA. Further, the range of pollution load index (PLI) (0.55–1.32) in both TCA and PUA shows nil-to-moderate pollution status, while PLI values > 1 in UA indicate moderate contaminated state. The degree of contamination in groundwater showed the following trends: UA > TCA > PUA in the study area. Moreover, the results of EF and quantification of contamination of analyzed metals in water samples indicate geogenic and anthropogenic inputs. The contribution of studied metals to the incidence of non-cancer risk via oral intake within the residential sites follows the order: cadmium > lead > zinc > iron > manganese. The hazard index as a result of ingested heavy metals for the three population classes surpasses the acceptable range in the order of infant < child < adult. Cadmium and lead made considerable impact to the estimation of cancer risk in the study area for the three human population categories. Factor analysis extracted only one component that explained 94.64% of the entire variance, while cluster analysis identified three distinct groups based on similar water quality characteristics. Based on the findings of the study, awareness programs toward protecting the shallow groundwater sources should be launched, encouraged, and sustained. Moreover, the study suggests better hygienic practices and pre-treatment of contaminated water before consumption.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical quality of drinking water in the Njoro sub-county in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-507
Author(s):  
Philip Ruciaka Kirianki ◽  
Edward Muchiri ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Njoro sub-county in Kenya suffers from constant water shortages causing the residents to rely on both improved and unimproved water sources in the area. The households in the sub-county also use different household storage containers to store drinking water in times when water is not readily available. This study was therefore undertaken to assess selective physico-chemical parameters of water used by the population for drinking purposes using standard assessment methods. A total of 372 water source samples and 162 storage container water samples were tested over a period of three months. Turbidity (0.70–273.85 NTU), iron (0.7–2.10 mg/L), fluoride (0.15–4.01 mg/L), manganese (0.01–0.37 mg/L), and nitrate (0.09–27.90 mg/L) levels in water samples were generally higher than the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) and/or the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality recommendations for safe drinkable water. The results from this study support the need for continuous monitoring and treating drinking water at the points of collection and of consumption to minimize the long-term health effects on communities consuming this water.

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