scholarly journals The role of perceptual salience and type of instruction in children’s recall of relevant and incidental dimensional values

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Odom ◽  
Joseph G. Cunningham ◽  
Eileen Astor-Stetson
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Salience

scholarly journals Perceptual salience influences food choices independently of health and taste preferences

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Dai ◽  
Jeremy Cone ◽  
Jeff Moher
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Choice Tests

Abstract Background Making decisions about food is a critical part of everyday life and a principal concern for a number of public health issues. Yet, the mechanisms involved in how people decide what to eat are not yet fully understood. Here, we examined the role of visual attention in healthy eating intentions and choices. We conducted two-alternative forced choice tests of competing food stimuli that paired healthy and unhealthy foods that varied in taste preference. We manipulated their perceptual salience such that, in some cases, one food item was more perceptually salient than the other. In addition, we manipulated the cognitive load and time pressure to test the generalizability of the salience effect. Results Manipulating salience had a powerful effect on choice in all situations; even when an unhealthy but tastier food was presented as an alternative, healthy food options were selected more often when they were perceptually salient. Moreover, in a second experiment, food choices on one trial impacted food choices on subsequent trials; when a participant chose the healthy option, they were more likely to choose a healthy option again on the next trial. Furthermore, robust effects of salience on food choice were observed across situations of high cognitive load and time pressure. Conclusions These results have implications both for understanding the mechanisms of food-related decision-making and for implementing interventions that might make it easier for people to make healthy eating choices.

scholarly journals Evidence against hyperspecificity in implicit invariant learning

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben R. Newell ◽  
James E. H. Bright
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics

Four experiments examined the claim that cross-format transfer in invariant learning is reliant solely on the presence of repetition structure in study and test strings (Stadler, Warren, Lesch, 2000). Experiments 1, 2, and 3 used strings with no repetitions and found significant cross-format transfer in combination with a non-significant transfer decrement - no significant difference between same- and changed-format conditions. Further investigation of the basis of the role of repetition structure revealed an emphasis on the perceptual salience of test stimuli (Experiment 4). Our results contrast with those of Stadler et al. and suggest that under the conditions we employed invariant learning is not highly sensitive to changes in the perceptual characteristics of stimuli and therefore is inaccurately described as hyper specific. We suggest that the term hyper specific be reserved for cases in which minor format changes result in significant performance impairments - for example, typographical effects in implicit memory.

scholarly journals ‘Il parle normal, il parle comme nous’: self-reported usage and attitudes in a banlieue

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA SECOVA ◽  
PENELOPE GARDNER-CHLOROS ◽  
FRÉDÉRIQUE ATANGANA
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Project Data ◽  
Youth Language ◽  
Complex Manner ◽  
Qualitative Dimension

ABSTRACTWe report on a survey of language attitudes carried out as part of a project comparing youth language in Paris and London.1As in similar studies carried out in London (Cheshire et al., 2008), Berlin (Wiese, 2009) and elsewhere (Boyd et al., 2015), the focus was on features considered typical of ‘contemporary urban vernaculars’ (Rampton, 2015).The respondents were pupils aged 15–18 in two secondary schools in a working-class northern suburb of Paris. The survey included (1) a written questionnaire containing examples of features potentially undergoing change in contemporary French; (2) an analysis of reactions to extracts from the project data: participants were asked to comment on the speakers and the features identified.Quantitative analysis had shown that some of these features are more widespread than others and are used by certain categories of speaker more than others (Gardner-Chloros and Secova, this volume). This study provides a qualitative dimension, showing that different features have different degrees of perceptual salience and acceptability. It demonstrates that youth varieties do not involve characteristic features being used as a ‘package’, and that such changes interact in a complex manner with attitudinal factors. The study also provides material for reflection on the role of attitude studies within sociolinguistic surveys.

Lexical tone variation and spoken word recognition in preschool children: effects of perceptual salience

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 924-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEHER SINGH ◽  
ALOYSIA TAN ◽  
THILANGA D. WEWALAARACHCHI
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Developmental Course

AbstractChildren undergo gradual progression in their ability to differentiate correct and incorrect pronunciations of words, a process that is crucial to establishing a native vocabulary. For the most part, the development of mature phonological representations has been researched by investigating children's sensitivity to consonant and vowel variation, with a much lesser focus on lexical tones. The current study investigates sensitivity to lexical tones in word recognition with specific attention to role of perceptual salience. Chinese-speaking preschoolers were presented with familiar words that were correctly pronounced, substituted for a subtle tone variant (Tones 2 and 3), or substituted for a salient tone variant (Tones 1 and 4). Results demonstrated that subtle tone variants were mistakenly perceived as correct pronunciations and only salient tone variants were recognized as mispronunciations. Findings suggest that tone integration follows a more complex developmental course that previously concluded.

scholarly journals Phonological and perceptual factor symbiosis in loanword adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-39
Author(s):  
Alice Rwamo ◽  
Constantin Ntiranyibagira
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
French And English ◽  
Constraint Ranking

This paper examines the two-way interaction of perceptual and production factors in the light of resolving French and English loan structures in Kirundi. The investigation is framed within the view that loanword adaptation results from attempts to match the non-native perception of the L2 input, within the confines of the L1 grammar. Neither a purely perceptual nor a purely grammatical account can explain the facts. Based on 239 French and 44 English corpora of loans, this study examines loanword adaptation at both the phonemic and the phonotactic levels. We prove how the constraint-ranking Optimality Theory (OT) can account for the phonological adaptations of loans but with limitations. The adaptation cannot be fully understood unless perceptual similarity and auditory factors are integrated in the grammar. This study enriches our understanding of the role of perceptual similarity and perceptual salience in phonology and their relationship to constraint ranking.

scholarly journals Subject–Verb Number Agreement in Bilingual Processing: (Lack of) Age of Acquisition and Proficiency Effects

Languages ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Nuria Sagarra ◽  
Nicole Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Number Agreement ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Bilingual Processing ◽  
Verb Number

Children acquire language more easily than adults, though it is controversial whether this faculty declines as a result of a critical period or something else. To address this question, we investigate the role of age of acquisition and proficiency on morphosyntactic processing in adult monolinguals and bilinguals. Spanish monolinguals and intermediate and advanced early and late bilinguals of Spanish read sentences with adjacent subject–verb number agreements and violations and chose one of four pictures. Eye-tracking data revealed that all groups were sensitive to the violations and attended more to more salient plural and preterit verbs than less obvious singular and present verbs, regardless of AoA and proficiency level. We conclude that the processing of adjacent SV agreement depends on perceptual salience and language use, rather than AoA or proficiency. These findings support usage-based theories of language acquisition.

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