scholarly journals Economics and politics of “old confrontation” in the New Arctic

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4-2021) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Asja A. Shchegol'kova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Strategic Space ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
Economics And Politics

The modern Arctic is becoming the strategic space and area of competition of many powers, the arena of political confrontations between Arctic and non-Arctic states. Arctic research has moved from the sphere of science to the sphere of geopolitics and geoeconomics and is of strategic importance in the system of national security. Climatic fluctuations in the Arctic have increased the availability of hydrocarbon, biological and other resources, and improved ice conditions in the water area of the Northern Sea Route. The study analyzes the Arctic policy of Western European and North American countries in the conditions of the “New Arctic”. An overview of strategic documents on ensuring the spatial development.

scholarly journals ICE INFLUENCE ON FORMING SHIPPING ROUTES IN THE WATER AREA OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Olegovich Olkhovik ◽  
Ekaterina Valerievna Andreeva ◽  
Aleksandr Lvovich Tezikov
Keyword(s):  
Water Area ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Navigation Mode ◽  
Movement Parameters

The article focuses on the processes of forming the shipping routes in the waters of the Northern Sea Route when passing from the summer navigation period to the winter navigation period. The main indicators characterizing the volume of freight carried out along the routes of the Northern Sea Route in 2018 are presented. There has been stated the change in the structure of the Arctic fleet and an increase in the share of large-tonnage vessels operating in the Kara Sea in the year-round navigation mode. The comparative data of monitoring the movement parameters of LNG-tankers (YamalMax type) obtained in January, March and September 2018 are given. The causes of changes in the trajectory of ships when sailing in ice have been revealed and analyzed. The results of the analytical review of works that are devoted to the study of the influence of the ice parameters on maneuverability of the vessels and the development of methods for finding the best routes along the Northern Sea Route are shown. To carry out studies of the ship speed, the tools of geo-information systems in geo-spatial formulation were use. The analytical model of the vessel navigation through the ice between two fixed points has been proposed. The main criteria for comparing shipping routes have been defined. The results of the comparative quantitative estimates of the vessel routes are given. Recommendations on using the results obtained in the theory and practice of Arctic shipping are given. The studies are carried out as part of an initiative project to develop a theory of sea transport flows in the Northern Sea Route water area, implemented at the Arctic Faculty of the Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping. The results of this paper can be use when searching for the best routes for navigation in the ice conditions, when planning hydrographic works and developing a promising network of shipping routes in the Arctic seas.

scholarly journals Development of Northern Sea Route: Prospects for International Cooperation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
A. V. Kirgizov-Barskii
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Transportation Route ◽  
Modern Technologies

Today due to global climate change the Northern Sea Route is being formed along the northern coast of Russia as a new international maritime passage in the Arctic. Due to the rapid increase in the interest of regional and non-Arctic states, the scientific community and business to this transportation route, there is a need to study the prospects for cooperation between Russia and other countries on the development of the Northern Sea Route. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the interests of external players in the NSR area, taking into account the latest changes and events, while the author uses swot-analysis and a comparative analytical approach to conduct the study. The results of the study have shown that cooperation with some Arctic countries on the development of the NSR could bring mutual benefits: Canada and Russia would exchange experience on the development of similar sea routes, and Norway and Iceland would receive advantages as hubs on new routes. Non-regional countries, such as China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and India, are interested in the NSR. For them, the Northern Sea Route is potentially shorter and safer compared to traditional routes, and it also allows to participate in projects located near its water area in science, energy and transport sectors. In turn, the participation of foreign partners is important for Russia, since it is usually accompanied by the active use of the route, the creation of large projects throughout its entire length, the attraction of serious funds, modern technologies and knowledge to the Arctic zone of the country.

Russia-China Collaboration in the Arctic

2019 ◽  
pp. 207-219
Author(s):  
Nikolay Kotlyarov
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Expert Community

In recent years, the international expert community has demonstrated a growing interest in China's Arctic policy. To a great extent, such an interest has been triggered by recent gaining an observer status in the Arctic Council by China, as well as by China's efforts to actively participate in elaborating the rules of global governance. China has a range of interests in the Arctic, including climate change problems, opportunities for energy diversification, and development of the Northern Sea Route. Among Russian experts, the discussion on the desirability of cooperation with China has lately shifted towards the acknowledging the need to strengthen Russia-China strategic partnership in the Arctic, particularly in the context of worsening relations between Russia and Western countries. The chapter addresses recent trends in Russia's and China's attitudes to bilateral cooperation in the Arctic and analyzes experts' approaches to the settlement of disputes, including such issues as the legal regime of the Arctic and the development of navigation along the Northern Sea Route.

scholarly journals The Specifics of the Partnership between Russia and the Republic of Korea in the Economic Development of the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Ya. V. Leksyutina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Arctic Policy

Since 2013, when the Republic of Korea (ROK) was admitted in the Arctic Council as an observer and issued its first Arctic policy, Seoul has strengthened its engagement in the Arctic and revealed its strong interest in expanding the economic cooperation in the Arctic with Russia. Seeing Arctic cooperation as mutually beneficial and further advancing the bilateral relations, Russia and the ROK have made a number of policy statements on their intentions to develop cooperation in the Arctic. This paper reveals the specifics and current scale of Russia’s cooperation with the ROK in the development of the resource base of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and the Northern Sea Route.

THE ROLE OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE AS A FACTOR OF NATIONAL SECURITY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Елена Сергеевна Копкова ◽  
Сергей Николаевич Трушин
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Security ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Northern Sea Route

Северный морской путь (СМП) становится все более актуальной сферой интересом для многих стран. Большая часть арктических территорий принадлежит России. Это стратегические запасы природных ресурсов, а также водные акватории, транспортная артерия - СМП. Развитие СМП, а также международное сотрудничество в области его использования является вопросом национальной безопасности. The Northern sea route (NSR) is becoming an increasingly relevant area of interest for many countries. Most of the Arctic territories belong to Russia. These are strategic reserves of natural resources, as well as water areas, and the transport artery - the NSR. The development of the NSR, as well as international cooperation in its use, is a matter of national security.

Russia and China in the Arctic: Real or Alleged Disagreements?

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
A. Zagorskii
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Common Heritage ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

The article concentrates on two issues articulated by Xu Guangmiao in her article “China's Arctic Interests and Policy: History, Legal Ground and Implementation” published in the same issue of the Journal: Arctic Governance (and particularly the applicability of the "Common Heritage of the Mankind in the Arctic" concept), as well as the concept of the Northern Sea Route “internationalization” based on the navigation freedom principle. Both issues are considered controversial in Russia–China relations. In addressing those issues, the author seeks to separate real and alleged divergences between the two countries. He argues that apparent differences in their particular approaches do not reflect any fundamental divergences and can be transcended if handled pragmatically, with recognition of the sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdictions of coastal states, as well as of the non-Arctic states' rights and responsibilities under the Law of the Sea. In particular, the author argues that there is no controversy surrounding China’s expectation that an Area of the Common Heritage of the Mankind would occur in the central part of the Arctic Ocean as long as the process of the continental shelf outer limits setting by the coastal states in the Arctic Ocean takes place within the procedures established by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Similarly, China accepts the regulation of vessels traffic alongside the Northern Sea Route based on the Article 234 of the Convention, and would not be able to claim the freedom of transit passage through the NSR straits unless it joined the U.S. claim that the straight baselines drawn by Russia (and Canada) effectively including those straits into their internal sea waters violate the provisions of the Convention. So far, China does not. And as long as the NSR water area remains ice-covered for most of the year, this issue remains of theoretical rather than of practical importance.

scholarly journals The Northern Sea Route: Problems of National Status Legitimization under International Law. Part II

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-147
Author(s):  
Pavel GUDEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
Legal Grounds

The second part of the paper shows that the regime of navigation in the Arctic, particularly on the NSR, defended by Russia today, is much more liberal than that which existed in the Soviet years: up to the Gorbachev’s 1987 Murmansk speech the Soviet Arctic was a closed sea region for foreign navigation. Per-missive order of passage established today at the level of Russian national legislation applies only to civil ships, and in the framework of the 1982 Convention, measures to protect the marine environment from pollution from ships cannot be applied to warships, military auxiliary ships, and ships on the state non-commercial service. However, the presence on the Northern Sea routes of water areas with the status of internal historical waters, including several Arctic straits, plus the special legal status of the Arctic, which is not limited exclusively to the 1982 Convention, allows Russia to insist on the applicability of the permit regime also to foreign warships. This approach is based mainly on the two states’ practice with the longest coastline in the Arctic: the USSR and Canada. Navigation along the NSR in today’s ice conditions is not yet possible without passing through the waters of the Russian Arctic Straits, whose waters are classified by the USSR as internal on historical legal grounds. Although under the 1982 Convention, they can be conditionally regarded as international, the lack of permanent transit through them makes it possible not to recognize them as such. However, the Russian Federation’s task to turn the NSR into an international shipping route may lead to a weakening of the current legal position. A similar situation may arise concerning the enforcement of Article 234 “Ice Covered Areas” of the 1982 Convention, which gives the Arctic countries additional rights in the field of navigation control. Lack of ice cover in the Arctic during most of the year can significantly strengthen the position of Russia’s opponents, who insist on a too broad interpretation of this article on our part. Finally, climatic changes may lead to the NSR becoming more latitudinal, and then the Russian Federation will lose any legal grounds to regulate navigation.

scholarly journals Assessment of opportunities for the development of Arctic communications in the area of the Northern Sea Route.

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2/2021) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Medeya V. Ivanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
External Environment ◽  
World Market ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
New Guidelines

New plans for the development of the Russian Arctic caused certain reactions from both the external and internal environment. In March 2018, the President of the country announced new guidelines for the development of the Northern Sea Route (NSR). The documents for the strategic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation were asserted. One of the main directions in these documents is the development of the NSR as a competitive national transport means of communication of the Russian Federation on the world market. As a part of the research, the political and economic aspects of the external environment were studied, which affect the development and functioning of Arctic communications in the water area of the NSR. The informational basis was provided by expert assessments of scientists and politicians, as well as by publications of news outlets and experts’ interviews. The specificity of the institutional legal field of the NSR is considered. The article reveals the phenomena of "Arctic dualism" caused by the clash of national and international law, when changes in the national legal field lead to a response from other Arctic states and an increase in political risks related to increased competition. The main business trends in the development of the NSR were also identified. The period considered in the article is characterized by the strengthening of the domestic economic policy of Russia, which is aimed at enhancing business processes in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the considered trends within the external environment indicate a number of restrictions for the use of the NSR as an international transit highway. The processes considered indicate that in the near future, the use of the NSR can only be considered in the context of meeting the industrial needs of the Arctic business.

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