scholarly journals Adjectival 'as'-phrases as intensional secondary predicates

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Sarah Zobel
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Modal Property ◽  
Secondary Predicates

This paper focuses on adjectival as-phrases that co-occur with transitive verbs, and contribute additional information on the verb’s internal arguments. I claim that these as-phrases behave like secondary predicates, specifically object-oriented depictives, but—in contrast to object-oriented depictives—contribute intensional content, a modal property. In the course of the paper, I delimit the type of as-phrases that are covered in this paper, and propose a formal analysis for these cases that builds on results by Rothstein (2003) on object-oriented depictives, and the notion of information-based modality in Kratzer 2012. I show how the analysis captures the entailment patterns found with these as-phrases, and how it can be extended to related nominal as-phrases.

scholarly journals Automated object-oriented technology for software module development

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-353
Author(s):  
Oleksii B. Kungurtsev ◽  
Nataliia O. Novikova ◽  
Svitlana L. Zinovatna ◽  
Nataliia O. Komleva
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Software Module ◽  
Class Model ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Object Oriented Approach

It is shown that most technologies for creating information systems are based on an object-oriented approach and provide for the presentation of functional requirements in the form of use cases. However, there is no general agreement on the format of the use cases and the rules for describing script items. The work has improved the classification of items of use cases basing on the analysis of a great number of existing descriptions from different subject areas. New rules have been introduced and the existing rules have been clarified for describing use cases, which made it possible to further formalize and automate the process of describing use cases. It is also proposed to automate the process of forming a model of program classes by introducing additional information linking the class with use cases. Thus, the programming class model contains significantly more information for coding than the existing models in UML diagrams. A method for constructing a model of program classes has been developed. Methods for the automated description of use cases and the construction of a model of program classes are linked into a single process. The level of information richness of the class model also makes it possible to automate the debugging process associated with changing requirements. Since the decisions made cover most of the steps in the software module creation process, they collectively represent a new technology. The proposed model, methods and technology were implemented in the ModelEditor and UseCaseEditor software products. Approbation of the method for automating the description of use cases demonstrated a decrease in the number of errors compared to the traditional method of describing more than two times, and shortening the time  more than one and a half times. Testing the method for constructing a model of program classes showed its advantage over the existing technology: errors and time reduction  almost one and a half times. The proposed technology can be used in the development of any information systems.

scholarly journals Extension of Object-Oriented Metrics Suite for Software Maintenance

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Michura ◽  
Miriam A. M. Capretz ◽  
Shuying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Complexity Metrics ◽  
Project Outcomes ◽  
Large Systems ◽  
Object Oriented Metrics ◽  
Require Information

Software developers require information to understand the characteristics of systems, such as complexity and maintainability. In order to further understand and determine characteristics of object-oriented (OO) systems, this paper describes research that identifies attributes that are valuable in determining the difficulty in implementing changes during maintenance, as well as the possible effects that such changes may produce. A set of metrics are proposed to quantify and measure these attributes. The proposed complexity metrics are used to determine the difficulty in implementing changes through the measurement of method complexity, method diversity, and complexity density. The paper establishes impact metrics to determine the potential effects of making changes to a class and dependence metrics that are used to measure the potential effects on a given class resulting from changes in other classes. The case study shows that the proposed metrics provide additional information not sufficiently provided by the related existing OO metrics. The metrics are also found to be useful in the investigation of large systems, correlating with project outcomes.

scholarly journals Object-based approach for urban land cover mapping using high spatial resolution data

2021 ◽  
Vol 227 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Verone Wojtaszek ◽  
Levente Ronczyk ◽  
Zokhid Mamatkulov ◽  
Mamanbek Reimov
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Accuracy Evaluation ◽  
Land Use Classification ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Raster Analysis ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
Rule Set

This paper deals with object-oriented image analysis applied for an urban area. Very high-resolution images in conjunction with object-oriented image analysis have been used for land cover detection. Using the eCognition software with object-oriented methods, not only the spectral information but also the shape, compactness and other parameters can be used to extract meaningful objects. The spectral and geometric diversity of urban surfaces is a very complex research issue. It is the main reason why additional information is needed to improve the outcome of classification. The most consistent and relevant characteristic of buildings is their height. Therefore, elevation data (converted from LIDAR data) are used for building extraction, segmentation and classification. The study deals with the problem, how to determine the most appropriate parameters of segmentation, feature extraction and classification methods. The data extraction includes two phases, the first part consists the following steps: data pre-processing, rule set development, multi-scale image segmentation, the definition of features used to map land use, classification based on rule set and accuracy evaluation. The second part of the data process based on classical raster analysis GIS tools like focal and zonal function.

Formalizing and Analyzing UML Use Case Hierarchical Predicate Transition Nets

2011 ◽  
pp. 154-183
Author(s):  
Xudong He
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Unified Modeling ◽  
Development Methodology ◽  
Standard Object ◽  
Future System

Unified Modeling Language (UML), developed by a group of leading experts in object-oriented methodologies, has become the standard object-oriented development methodology in the software industry. UML contains a set of diagrams for describing different views and aspects of systems. UML use case diagrams are used during requirements analysis to define a use case view that constitutes a system’s functional model. Each use case describes a system’s functionality from a user’s perspective. However, the use case descriptions are often informal, which are error-prone and cannot be formally analyzed to detect problems in user requirements or errors introduced in a system functional model. A well-defined use case view is not only necessary for subsequent correct system design and implementation but also serves as a basis for future system evolution. Therefore, it is extremely important to ensure the correctness of the functional model captured in a use case view. In this chapter, we present an approach to formally translate a use case view into a formal model in hierarchical predicate transition nets that support formal analysis and thus are capable to detect possible requirements and modeling errors in a use case view.

A syntactic analysis of secondary predication in Spanish

1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Mallén
Keyword(s):  
Object Oriented ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Secondary Predicates ◽  
Secondary Predication

This article argues in favour of a syntactic analysis of secondary predication as first proposed in Williams (1980) and against the semantic approach to predication defended most recently in Napoli (1989). Most of the evidence to be adduced in the proposed analysis comes from Spanish. We posit that secondary predicates are base-generated inside VP in Spanish, confirming Culicover & Wilkins's (1984) and Roberts's (1988) analysis for English. Under this hypothesis, object-oriented (O-) predicates occur inside the c-domain of V as sisters to the verbal complement, whereas subject-oriented (S-) secondary predicates attach to VP as sisters to the subject. Based on this asymmetry and adopting Jaeggli's (1981) assumption that initialwh-traces must be lexically identified, we explain the fact that only O-predicates can undergowh-movement in Spanish. This restriction onwh-movement follows from the syntactic configuration assigned to secondary predicates in which both predicates are governed by V, but only O-predicates are c-commanded by V.

Production of New and Revised A.A.V.S.O. Charts

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Clinton B. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Variable Star ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Original Data ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The University

A “new charts program” for the Americal Association of Variable Star Observers was instigated in 1966 via the gift to the Association of the complete variable star observing records, charts, photographs, etc. of the late Prof. Charles P. Olivier of the University of Pennsylvania (USA). Adequate material covering about 60 variables, not previously charted by the AAVSO, was included in this original data, and was suitably charted in reproducible standard format.Since 1966, much additional information has been assembled from other sources, three Catalogs have been issued which list the new or revised charts produced, and which specify how copies of same may be obtained. The latest such Catalog is dated June 1978, and lists 670 different charts covering a total of 611 variables none of which was charted in reproducible standard form previous to 1966.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

Microtubule nucleation sequence studied by time-resolved x-ray scattering and electron microscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 766-767
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽  
Eckhard Mandelkow ◽  
Joan Bordas
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Microtubule Growth ◽  
Ray Patterns ◽  
Ray Scattering

When a solution of microtubule protein is changed from non-polymerising to polymerising conditions (e.g. by temperature jump or mixing with GTP) there is a series of structural transitions preceding microtubule growth. These have been detected by time-resolved X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation, and they may be classified into pre-nucleation and nucleation events. X-ray patterns are good indicators for the average behavior of the particles in solution, but they are difficult to interpret unless additional information on their structure is available. We therefore studied the assembly process by electron microscopy under conditions approaching those of the X-ray experiment. There are two difficulties in the EM approach: One is that the particles important for assembly are usually small and not very regular and therefore tend to be overlooked. Secondly EM specimens require low concentrations which favor disassembly of the particles one wants to observe since there is a dynamic equilibrium between polymers and subunits.

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