scholarly journals Maternal Anemia Prevalence and Subsequent Neonatal Complications in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (B) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Shaymaa Kadhim Jasim ◽  
Hayder Al-Momen ◽  
Farah Al-Asadi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Maternal Anemia ◽  
Tertiary Center ◽  
Anemia Group

BACKGROUND: Anemia during pregnancy is still a challenge throughout the world, and it may cause severe health consequences in the maternal and fetal sides. AIM: This study aims to find out the prevalence of maternal anemia and potential adverse outcomes in Iraq. METHODS: In Medical City Tertiary Center in Baghdad, singleton pregnant ladies came for delivery were involved over 6 months’ period. Based on hemoglobin (Hb) readings; they were divided into no anemia group (Hb>11 g/l) and anemia group which were further subdivided into mild, moderate, and severe (Hb =10–10.9, =7.1–9.9, and <7 g/l, respectively). Full history and examination were performed by attending obstetrician and pediatrician for the upcoming babies. RESULTS: Maternal anemia prevalence was 84.84% out of 4473 cases. No anemia group was 15.16%, mild 40.73%, and moderate 40.73%, while severe anemia group (24.93%). Maternal occupation, educational status, and Hb levels were significantly associated with anemia (p < 0.001), unlike parity, body mass index, and delivery mode. Neonatal preterm delivery, birth weight and length, small for gestational age (SGA), Apgar score, respiratory distress, and high death rate were strongly related to mothers’ anemia (p < 0.001), on the contrary of septicemia, birth asphyxia, and hypoglycemia, in spite of their higher frequency rates in anemia groups. Birth weight, and length, and gestational age were lowered significantly in moderate and severe anemia, while Apgar score was low throughout all anemia categories. SGA was significant in severe anemia. CONCLUSION: Maternal anemia is highly prevalent in Iraq with significant adverse neonatal events and elevated rates of mortality.

scholarly journals Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated with Teenage Pregnancy in three Maternity Hospitals in Asmara, Jan 01 – DEC 31, 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tikue Asrat ◽  
Eden Hagos Beloweden ◽  
Hana Andeberhan Teklay ◽  
Luwam Solomon Tesfamaryam ◽  
Ruth Zeragaber Weldemaryam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Teenage Mothers ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Post Partum Hemorrhage

Abstract Background: The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world is in sub Saharan Africa. Thus, out of the twenty countries with the highest rate of teen marriage, Eritrea ranked fourteenth. This aim of this study was to assess adverse outcomes associated with teenage pregnancy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was followed for 424 nulliparous pregnant women between the age of 14 and 24 years. The maternity clinical record was used to review data on maternal spontaneous abortions, preterm birth, method of delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, perineal laceration, baby weight, Apgar score at 5 minute and congenital anomalies were taken as our variables of interest. Moreover, face-to-face interview was conducted to enlighten the socio demographic characteristics, circumcision status of the mother and antenatal care visits during their last pregnancy. Descriptive and inferential data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square test and bivariate logistic regression were also used.Results: The socio demographic characteristic of the study shows that the educational status of teenage mother was low compared to adult mothers; in addition unmarried teenage mothers were high compared to adult mothers. In this study teenage mothers had significantly higher anemia, preterm delivery, Post partum hemorrhage and low birth weight babies as compared to the adult mothers. Also the study revealed that compared to adult mothers, teenage mothers had significantly higher abnormal delivery mode with low Apgar score among teenage mothers.Conclusions: In this study adolescent pregnancy was found to be associated with increased outcomes of anemia, preterm birth, low birth weight, abnormal delivery and post-partum hemorrhage. Even though preeclampsia and Apgar score were not significantly different between adolescents and adult mothers this should not be ignored and just bypass it not as adverse outcomes of teenage.

scholarly journals TO STUDY THE CLINICAL PROFILE OF MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME (MAS) IN NEONATES IN RELATION TO BIRTH WEIGHT, GESTATIONALAGE AND THEIR IMMEDIATE OUTCOME

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kumar ◽  
R. K. Sinha ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meconium Aspiration

Study the clinical profile of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) in neonates, in relation to birth weight, gestational age and their immediate outcome. Prospective observational cross sectional study. All preterm, term and post term infants, appropriate for gestational age with birth weight, delivered normally or by caesarean section or forceps, fulfilling all the inclusion criteria for MAS who were admitted to NICU, during the 9 months from January 2020 to September 2020 were included in the study. Over nine months' period, 574 neonates were admitted in NICU under that 312 neonates were in respiratory distress, out of which78 neonates were suffered with MAS. A detailed antenatal and natal history was elicited. Complications during delivery and details of resuscitation at birth, was done wherever required. Endo-tracheal intubation was done and bag and tube ventilation was given wherever needed. In MAS neonates, APGAR score at 1 minute and 5 minutes and gestational age was assessed with New Ballard’s score. A detailed clinical examination was carried out and respiratory distress was monitored by using Downes score system. Score > 6 was taken as an indication for assisted ventilation. 574 babies were admitted to NICU during the study period and out of them 312 were with respiratory distress. During the study period 78 (25%) babies had MAS. Conservative management was given to 59 cases (75.64%) and only 19 cases (24.36%) needed artificial ventilation, where indication was birth asphyxia, acute respiratory failure or other complications like pneumothorax. Out of 19 ventilated babies, 15 babies died and 4 babies survived and were discharged in good health. Conclusions: 1.Increased incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome was associated with increase in the gestational age (more in term and post term neonate, birth weight > 2.5kgs, 2. Highest mortality was associated with thick meconium and with low APGAR score at 5 minutes.

Prevalence and predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. Famra ◽  
P. Barta ◽  
A. Aggarwal ◽  
B.D. Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies

OBJECTIVES: Neonatal seizures are significant cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Current study was planned to study prevalence of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures and identify its predictors. METHODS: This observational descriptive study was carried out on 220 neonates with seizures. Neonates who succumbed to illness/ death before investigations, or whose maternal records were incomplete were excluded. Blood sugar, serum calcium, serum electrolytes, and USG skull were done in all patients. CT scan, MRI and inborn errors of metabolism profile were done as and when indicated. Adverse outcomes were defined as death, phenobarbitone non responders, or abnormal examination at discharge. Antenatal, perinatal and neonatal predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 220 neonates with seizures 76(34.5%) had adverse outcomes. Very low birth weight babies (≤1500 gm) [OR 1.27(CI 0.57–2.84)], microcephaly [OR 5.93 (CI 0.55–64.41)], Apgar score≤3 at 5 minutes [OR 11.28(CI 14.18–30.45)], seizure onset within 24 hours [OR 5.99(CI 12.43–14.78)], meningitis [OR 2.63(CI 0.08–6.39)], septicemia [OR1.22(CI 0.45–3.31)] and abnormal cranial USG [OR 7.95(CI 12.61–24.22)] were significant predictors of adverse outcomes in neonates with seizures. CONCLUSION: Prematurity, very low birth weight, birth asphyxia, meningitis, septicemia and abnormal USG could predict adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures. Improved antenatal and neonatal clinical practices may help reduce adverse outcomes in these patients.

scholarly journals Perinatal Outcomes of Small for Gestational Age in Twin Pregnancies: Twin vs. Singleton Charts

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Veronica Giorgione ◽  
Corey Briffa ◽  
Carolina Di Fabrizio ◽  
Rohan Bhate ◽  
Asma Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Twin pregnancies are commonly assessed using singleton growth and birth weight reference charts. This practice has led to a significant number of twins labelled as small for gestational age (SGA), causing unnecessary interventions and increased risk of iatrogenic preterm birth. However, the use of twin-specific charts remains controversial. This study aims to assess whether twin-specific estimated fetal weight (EFW) and birth weight (BW) charts are more predictive of adverse outcomes compared to singleton charts. Centiles of EFW and BW were calculated using previously published singleton and twin charts. Categorical data were compared using Chi-square or McNemar tests. The study included 1740 twin pregnancies, with the following perinatal adverse outcomes recorded: perinatal death, preterm birth <34 weeks, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and admissions to the neonatal unit (NNU). Twin-specific charts identified prenatally and postnatally a smaller proportion of infants as SGA compared to singleton charts. However, twin charts showed a higher percentage of adverse neonatal outcomes in SGA infants than singleton charts. For example, perinatal death (SGA 7.2% vs. appropriate for gestational age (AGA) 2%, p < 0.0001), preterm birth <34 weeks (SGA 42.1% vs. AGA 16.4%, p < 0.0001), HDP (SGA 21.2% vs. AGA 13.5%, p = 0.015) and NNU admissions (SGA 69% vs. AGA 24%, p < 0.0001), when compared to singleton charts (perinatal death: SGA 2% vs. AGA 1%, p = 0.029), preterm birth <34 weeks: (SGA 20.6% vs. AGA 17.4%, p = 0.020), NNU admission: (SGA 34.5% vs. AGA 23.9%, p < 0.000). There was no significant association between HDP and SGA using the singleton charts (p = 0.696). In SGA infants, according to the twin charts, the incidence of abnormal umbilical artery Doppler was significantly more common than in SGA using the singleton chart (27.0% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, singleton charts misclassify a large number of twins as at risk of fetal growth restriction. The evidence suggests that the following twin-specific charts could reduce unnecessary medical interventions prenatally and postnatally.

scholarly journals Study of perinatal factors in children with developmental delay

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goli Sri Charan ◽  
Jayant Vagha
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Global Developmental Delay ◽  
Developmental Quotient ◽  
Birth History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Observational Descriptive Study ◽  
Birth Body Weight

Background: Birth history gives important information in children with developmental delay. Developmental challenge in children is an emerging problem across the globe, which is largely associated with improved neonatal survival. The present study highlights the importance of birth history in children with developmental delay in our hospital. The objective of this study was to study the perinatal events in children with developmental delay.Methods: Observational descriptive study was conducted on children between 6 months to 5 years who were admitted in Pediatric wards with suspected history of developmental delay. DDST II scale was performed on these children and children who failed on Denver II scale were recruited into the study. Birth history was noted in detail, if available, documentation of birth events was asked for and noted. Developmental history with developmental quotient (DQ), were noted in detail.Results: 135 children had developmental delay, 113 (83.70%) were born by vaginal delivery and 22 (16.30%) were born by caesarian section, 46 (34.18%) had no cry at birth and remaining 89 (65.92%) had normal cry at birth. 104 (77.04%) were born by term gestation and 31 (22.96%) were born preterm. Birth weight was normal in 78 (57.7%) children, LBW was seen 47 (34.81%) and 5 children each with VLBW and ELBW and 35 (25.93%) were IUGR. On comparing the children born gestational age and birth body weight with all four domains, there was no significant difference.Conclusions: Global developmental delay was more common in children born at preterm, low birth weight, IUGR and children who had birth asphyxia. Birth weight and gestational age did not significantly affect any particular domain of development. 

scholarly journals Determinants of Birth Asphyxia among Newborns in Amhara National Regional State Referral Hospitals, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemwork Desta Meshesha ◽  
Muluken Azage ◽  
Endalkachew Worku ◽  
Getahun Gebre Bogale
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Instrumental Delivery ◽  
Referral Hospitals ◽  
Prolonged Labor

Abstract Background Globally, every year, 2.5 million infants die within their first month of life. Neonatal asphyxia is the leading specific cause of neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of birth asphyxia among newborns admitted in Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia. Methods Facility-based unmatched case-control study was employed among 193 cases and 193 controls of newborns. Newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units with admission criteria of birth asphyxia and without birth asphyxia were considered as cases (Apgar score<7) and controls (Apgar score>=7) respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by systematic random sampling technique with proportional allocation, and entered in to Epi-Info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify determinants of birth asphyxia. Results Newborns with low birth weight (<2.5kg) had 8.94 higher odds of birth asphyxia than those whose weight at birth was >=2.5kg at birth (AOR: 8.94, 95% CI: 4.08, 19.56). Newborns born at health centers were 7.36 times more likely to develop birth asphyxia than those born at hospitals (AOR: 7.36, 95% CI: 2.44, 22.13). Newborns born using instrumental delivery were 3.03 times more likely to develop birth asphyxia than those delivered by vaginally (AOR: 3.03, 95% CI: 1.41, 6.49). Newborns from mothers with prolonged labor were 2 times more likely to suffer from birth asphyxia as compared to their counterparts (AOR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.36). Conclusion This study identified prolonged labor, instrumental delivery, delivered at health centers, and low birth weight were identified as determinants of birth asphyxia. Thus, intervention planning towards the identified determinants may be needed to reduce neonatal birth asphyxia.

scholarly journals Morbidity and mortality of low birth weight babies in early neonatal period in a rural area teaching hospital, Telangana, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1582
Author(s):  
Jayalakshmi Pabbati ◽  
Preethi Subramanian ◽  
Mahesh Renikuntla
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Early Neonatal Period ◽  
Preterm Babies

Background: A baby’s weight at birth is a strong indicator of newborn health and nutrition. Low birth weight (LBW) babies are more susceptible to morbidities and mortality in early neonatal period than normal birth weight (NBW) babies. Among neonatal deaths, 80% occurs in LBW / preterm babies and 75% of total neonatal deaths occur in early neonatal period. The present study was undertaken to know the incidence and early neonatal outcome of LBW babies in rural area.Methods: Prospective observational study was conducted in babies born with <2.5 kg (LBW) birth weight.Results: The incidence of LBW babies was 25.07% with almost an equal contribution from preterm (50.46%) and Term Intra Uterine Growth Restricted (IUGR) (49.53%) babies. The most common morbidity found in LBW babies was Jaundice (40.09%) followed by respiratory distress (18.16%), sepsis (8.72%) and apnea (4.48%). Preterm-LBW babies had more morbidities in terms of apnea (100%), birth asphyxia (88.88%), respiratory distress (87.01%%), sepsis (80.55%) and jaundice (67.64%). Early neonatal mortality was 21.22 per 1000 live births. Mortality was 100% for babies <1 kg in birth weight, 16% in 1-1.499 kg group and 0.75% in 1.5-2.499 kg group in early neonatal period. According to gestational age, mortality in preterm-LBW babies was 88.88% and 11.11% in Term IUGR-LBW babies. The most common cause of death in LBW babies was birth asphyxia (44.44%) followed by hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (33.33%).Conclusions: The present study revealed that preterm babies contributed 50% to incidence of LBW babies. Morbidity and mortality in LBW babies were inversely related to birth weight and gestational age.

Fetal and Maternal Outcome Asymptomatic vs. Symptomatic Covid Positive Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3423-3425
Author(s):  
Amna Najam ◽  
Samreen Fakeer Muhammad ◽  
Samia Saifullah ◽  
Maryam Shoaib ◽  
Maria Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Outcomes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Nicu Admission ◽  
Group B

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the fetal and maternal outcomes in between asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID positive pregnant women. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study Place and Duration: The study was conducted at Gynae and Obs department of Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta for duration of six months from November 2020 to April 2021. Methods: One hundred and ten pregnant women with ages 18-45 years had corona virus disease were presented. Informed written consent was taken from all patients for detailed demographics. COVID -19 was diagnosed by PCR. 55 patients had symptoms of coronavirus were included in group A and 55 patients did not show symptoms were included in group B. Frequency of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and post-partum haemorrhage were calculated. Maternal adverse outcomes (cesarean section, instrumental delivery, induction of labor and prolong labor, hypertensive disorder) were calculated among both groups. Fetal outcomes perinatal mortality, Low birth weight, Low Apgar score and NICU admission were observed. SPSS 20.0 version was used to analyze all data. Results: Mean age of the patients in group A was 28.47±3.18 years with mean BMI 24.03±5.24 Kg/m2 and in group B mean age was 27.99±4.17 years with mean BMI 24.44±6.41 Kg/m2. Maternal outcomes (cesarean section, instrumental delivery, induction of labor and prolong labor,) in symptomatic group were significantly higher than that of asymptomatic group. Fetal outcomes, perinatal mortality in group A 9 (16.4%) and in group B was 5 (9.1%), low birth weight in group A was among 21 (38.2%) and in group B was 10 (18.2%), low apgar score in group A was 11 (20%) and in group B was 8 (14.4%), 15 (27.3%) in group A went to NICU admission and 3 (5.5%) patient in group II admitted to NICU. Conclusion: In this study we concluded that adverse outcomes among symptomatic COVID pregnant women were higher than that of asymptomatic coronavirus pregnant women in terms maternal and perinatal outcomes. Keywords: Pregnant women, Coronavirus, Symptomatic, Asymptomatic, Adverse Outcomes

Vaginal Delivery and Low Gestational Age are Key Risk Factors for Hypernatremia in Neonates < 32 Weeks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia S. Eugster ◽  
Florence Corminboeuf ◽  
Gilbert Koch ◽  
Julia E. Vogt ◽  
Thomas Sutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Antenatal Corticosteroids ◽  
Clinical Complications

Abstract Background Preterm neonates frequently experience hypernatremia (plasma sodium concentrations >145 mmol/l), which is associated with clinical complications, such as intraventricular hemorrhage. Study design In this single center retrospective observational study, the following 7 risk factors for hypernatremia were analyzed in very low gestational age (VLGA, below 32 weeks) neonates: gestational age (GA), delivery mode (DM; vaginal or caesarian section), sex, birth weight, small for GA, multiple birth, and antenatal corticosteroids. Machine learning (ML) approaches were applied to obtain probabilities for hypernatremia. Results 824 VLGA neonates were included (median GA 29.4 weeks, median birth weight 1170 g, caesarean section 83%). 38% of neonates experienced hypernatremia. Maximal sodium concentration of 144 mmol/l (interquartile range 142–147) was observed 52 hours (41–65) after birth. ML identified vaginal delivery and GA as key risk factors for hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia increased with lower GA from 22% for GA ≥ 31–32 weeks to 46% for GA < 31 weeks and 60% for GA < 27 weeks. A linear relationship between maximal sodium concentrations and GA was found, showing decreases of 0.29 mmol/l per increasing week GA in neonates with vaginal delivery and 0.49 mmol/l/week after cesarean section. Sex, multiple birth and antenatal corticosteroids were not associated hypernatremia. Conclusion VLGA neonates with vaginal delivery and low GA have the highest risk for hypernatremia. Early identification of neonates at risk and early intervention may prevent extreme sodium excursions and associated clinical complications.

scholarly journals Hypoglycaemia in the Newborn

PRILOZI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Orhideja Stomnaroska ◽  
Elizabeta Petkovska ◽  
Sanja Ivanovska ◽  
Snezana Jancevska ◽  
Dragan Danilovski
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycaemia ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Positive Correlation

Abstract Aim: Severe neonatal hypoglycaemia (HG) leads to neurologic damage, mental retardation, epilepsy, impaired cardiac performance and muscle weakness. The aim was to assess the frequency and severity of HG in a population of newborns. Patients and methods: We investigated 739 patients with neonatal hypoglycaemia (HG) (M:F=370:369) born at the University Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetritics in Skopje in the period 2014-2016 and treated at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). 1416 babies were treated in the same period in NICU, and HG was observed in 52.18%. The birth weight was dominated by children with low birth weight: very low birth weight (VLBW)(<1500g) 253 children, (34,23%), low birth weight (1500-2500g) 402 (54.39%), appropriate for gestational age (AGA) 78(10.55%), and high birth weight (>4000g) 6 babies (0.81%). The gestational age was also dominated by children with low gestational age: gestational week (GW) 20-25 four children (0.54%), 26-30 GW 133 babies (17.99%), 31-35 GW472 (63.87%), and 36-40 GW130 neonates (17.59 %). 241 mothers (32.61%) have had an infection during pregnancy, 82 preeclampsia or eclampsia (11.09%), 20 diabetes mellitus (2.70%), 78 placental situations (placenta previa, abruption) (10.55%). In this study 47 babies (6.35%) with HG and co-morbidities died. There was a significant positive correlation between HG birth weight (p<0.01), gestational age (p<0.05), and the lowest Apgar score (p<0.01). Neonatal deaths were significantly correlated with GA (р>0,01), co-morbidities of the mothers (р>0,05) but not with the birth weight (р>0,05). In contrast, a significant positive correlation was found between convulsions and body weight (р<0.05). The lowest Apgar score was positively correlated with the gestational age (0.01), but not with the birth weight (0.05). Conclusion: Low birth weight, low gestational age, maternal risk factors, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and neonatal infections are associated with HG and are a significant factor in overall neonatal mortality. Those results indicate that diminishing the frequency of the neonatal HG and the rates of neonatal mortality requires complex interaction of prenatal and postnatal interventions.

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