By-products of grain cleaning: an opportunity for rapid sampling and screening of wheat for mycotoxins

By-products of cereal grain cleaning were analysed for a number of mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the most frequently detected in by-products from commercial-scale cleaning procedures (maximum 2.94 mg/kg), followed by zearalenone (ZEA; maximum 0.045 mg/kg) and ochratoxin A (OTA; maximum 0.019 mg/kg). These three mycotoxins were also the most frequently detected in four different fractions collected from wheat run through a dockage tester, a piece of equipment used in the Canadian inspection process to separate material other than grain from wheat. Concentrations of mycotoxins were highest in the ‘light dockage’ fraction that contained dust and roughage such as glumes, fragments of stem, or rachis. Mycotoxin concentrations in this fraction reached up to 32 mg/kg (DON), 0.532 mg/kg (ZEA), and 0.249 mg/kg (OTA). Concentrations of DON in light dockage were significantly correlated with concentrations in whole grain that was un-cleaned or had undergone basic cleaning, indicating that the light dockage fraction could be used as a readily available matrix for the rapid screening of DON in wheat. This would eliminate the time required for additional sampling and preparation of whole grain, and move towards a truly rapid method for the screening of DON in wheat.

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Utilization of Cereal Grain By-products in Feeding Swine

Swine Nutrition ◽

10.1016/b978-0-409-90095-8.50041-5 ◽

1991 ◽

pp. 585-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P.J. Holden ◽

D.R. Zimmerman

Keyword(s):

Cereal Grain ◽

By Products

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Crude Fat, Hexanes Extraction, in Feed, Cereal Grain, and Forage (Randall/Soxtec/Submersion Method): Collaborative Study

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/86.5.899 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 899-908 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Nancy J Thiex ◽

Shirley Anderson ◽

Bryan Gildemeister ◽

W Adcock ◽

J Boedigheimer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Relative Standard Deviation ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Collaborative Study ◽

Meat Products ◽

The United States ◽

Official Method ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Relative Standard ◽

Time Required

Abstract A method for determining crude fat in animal feed, cereal grain, and forage (plant tissue) was collaboratively studied. Crude fat was extracted from the animal feed, cereal grain, or forage material with hexanes by the Randall method, also called the Soxtec method or the submersion method. The use of hexanes provides for an alternative to diethyl ether for fat extractions. The proposed submersion method considerably decreases the extraction time required to complete a batch of samples compared to Soxhlet. The increase in throughput is very desirable in the quest for faster turnaround times and the greater efficiency in the use of labor. In addition, this method provides for reclamation of the solvent as a step of the method. The submersion method for fat extraction was previously studied for meat and meat products and was accepted as AOAC Official Method 991.36. Fourteen blind samples were sent to 14 collaborators in the United States, Sweden, Canada, and Germany. The within-laboratory relative standard deviation (repeatability) ranged from 1.23 to 5.80% for crude fat. Among-laboratory (including within) relative standard deviation (reproducibility) ranged from 1.88 to 14.1%. The method is recommended for Official First Action.

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Evaluation of distillery by-products, barley and molassed sugar beet feed for intensive lamb finishing

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200002647 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1999 ◽

pp. 109-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C.M. Minter ◽

J.E. Lyness ◽

R.G. Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

High Energy ◽

Total Output ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Feed Costs ◽

Alternative Feeds ◽

Time Required ◽

Daily Gain ◽

By Products

Intensively reared early weaned lambs are conventionally fed a high energy concentrate diet in order to maximise daily gain and feed conversion efficiency. This reduces both the time required to reach slaughter weight and the overhead costs. However, it is estimated that feed costs in intensive lamb systems amount to 0.24 of the total output value (MLC 1998) and that the profitability is sensitive to relatively small changes in the lamb price to feed cost ratio. The objective of the work was to investigate the effects of various alternative feeds consisting of molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF), distillers products and the whole barley or grainbeet (200 g/kg MSBF and 700 g/kg brewers grain) on the performance and profitability of intensively reared lambs.

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Proposing the short Neurological Evaluation Scale

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1017/neu.2016.55 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 236-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Akin Ojagbemi ◽

Robin Emsley ◽

Oye Gureje

Keyword(s):

Neurological Examination ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

First Episode ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Likelihood Ratios ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽

Neurological Evaluation ◽

Time Required ◽

Test Probability ◽

Existing Data

ObjectivesThe time required in completing the 26 items of neurological examinations in the standard Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) may limit its utility in pragmatic clinical situations. We propose the Short Neurological Evaluation Scale (S-NES) for use in busy clinical settings, and in research.MethodsUsing confirmatory factor analyses, we identified 12 items of neurological examination showing significant overlap with previously reported theoretical and empirical categories of neurological soft signs (NSS) in schizophrenia. This provided justification for the development of a shorter version of the NES based on the empirically identified NSS. In the present study, we relied on existing data to present an initial validation of the S-NES against the referent standard 26-item NES. We determined sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Posterior-test probability was estimated using a Bayesian nomogram plot.ResultsUsing data derived from 84 unmedicated or minimally treated patients with first-episode schizophrenia, 12 empirically determined items of neurological examinations showed high agreement with the 26 items in the standard NES battery (sensitivity=96.3%, specificity=100%, and posterior-test probability=100%).ConclusionsWithin limitations of validity estimates derived from existing data, the present results suggest that the design of the S-NES based on empirically identified 12 items of neurological examination is a logical step. If successful, the S-NES will be useful for rapid screening of NSS in busy clinical settings, and also in research.

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Nutrient Digestibility of Cereal Grain Products and By-products in Extruded Diets for Nile Tilapia

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society ◽

10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00214.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 781-789 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Igo G. Guimarães ◽

Luiz E. Pezzato ◽

Margarida M. Barros ◽

Leonardo Tachibana

Keyword(s):

Nile Tilapia ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Grain Products ◽

By Products

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A Protocol to Quantify the Reactivity of Carbonate Lime for Horticultural Substrates

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1124e ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1124E-1125

Author(s):

Jinsheng Huang ◽

Paul R. Fisher ◽

William R. Argo

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

Reactivity Index ◽

Analytical Test ◽

Horticultural Practice ◽

Ph Level ◽

Time Required ◽

Lime Reactivity ◽

Over Time

Lime sources vary in their reactivity depending on particle size, surface area and crystalline structure, and chemical composition. Current horticultural practice for testing lime reactivity and the appropriate lime rate is through batch trials where lime is incorporated into growing media. Our objective was to test a laboratory approach that would provide a rapid analytical test on reactivity of lime sources, and could eventually be applied to measuring unreacted (residual) lime in container media. Four moles HCl was added to a lime sample, and the volume of CO2 released over time was measured in a burette. Three lime types were tested, including reagent grade CaCO3, and two pulverized dolomitic limestones used in horticultural media. 100% of CaCO3 reacted in less than a minute after acid addition, whereas only 79.8% and 49.5% of the two commercial lime samples had reacted after 10 minutes. The time required for 50% of the two commercial lime samples to react was 5 and 10 minutes, respectively, whereas it took 20 and 60 minutes, respectively, for 95% neutralization. Reaction rates in the laboratory test correlated with the time required to achieve a stable pH level when limes were incorporated into a peat substrate. The reagent-grade CaCO3 raised pH more rapidly (within 7 days) and to a higher level (maximum pH 7.5 at 9 g of lime per liter of peat) compared with the dolomitic lime sources. It may be possible to establish a lime reactivity index, for example, based on CO2 release after 10 minutes, and thereby provide a rapid screening of limes. Further gasometric analysis of lime types used in horticultural substrates is therefore needed.

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Study of Yeast Production of Pectinase Enzyme and the Effect of Different Physiological Conditions on Its Production

International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.31033/ijrasb.8.6.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 117-121

Author(s):

Badia Abdul Razzaq Malla Obaida

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Plant Fibers ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Commercial Scale ◽

Yeast Production ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Juices ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Time Required ◽

Short Time ◽

Coffee Brewing

Pectinase enzymes are considered industrially important enzymes, and their importance is due to their use in many industries, such as extracting and liquefying fruit and vegetable juices, paper and textile industry, tea and coffee brewing, extracting oils with removing gum from plant fibers and treating factory wastes containing pectic substances. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, including yeasts, produce pectinase enzymes on a commercial scale. Recently, it has been noticed that there has an increase in interest in its production of yeasts due to its characteristics, ease of development, and short time required for incubation.

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Non-Destructive Determination of Alkylresorcinol (ARs) Content on Wheat Seed Surfaces and Prediction of ARs Content in Whole-Grain Flour

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24071329 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1329 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiahuan Wang ◽

Xin Gao ◽

Zhonghua Wang

Keyword(s):

Germination Rate ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Seed Structure ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Seed Surface ◽

Whole Grain Flour ◽

Non Destructive

Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are beneficial for human health and can be used as biomarkers for whole-grain cereal intake. In previous studies, ARs content in whole-grain flour was determined by milling the seeds into powder, thus destroying their structure. In this paper, we adopted a non-destructive extraction approach. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extraction methods were carried out to extract lipids from the seed surface and whole-grain flour of 36 wheat varieties in China, respectively. GC-MS analysis identified chemical compounds in which ARs were the major compounds for all the samples. The average total content of ARs (624.223 µg/g) in whole grains was much higher than that on seed surfaces (4.934 µg/g), with a positive correlation (r = 0.863, p < 0.001) between these two parameters. The results suggested that the total ARs content on the seed surface can be used to predict their content in whole-grain flour. Without affecting the seed germination rate and damaging seed structure, we demonstrate that a non-destructive extraction approach is an appropriate and useful method, facilitating the development of rapid screening methods suitable for use in wheat breeding.

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Influence of some digestive processes on the digestion by cattle of cereal grain fed whole

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9780029 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 18 (90) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

PC Toland

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Hard Wheat ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Size Index

Pen studies were conducted with cattle in which the digestibility, rate of fermentation, site of digestion and grain loss in faeces were measured in diets comprising 4.8 kg of one or other of four cereal grains together with 2.4 kg of pasture hay. The cereals were Avon oats, Swan oats, Olympic wheat and Emblem wheat with natural weights of 48.3, 60.5, 81.3 and 78.8 kg hl-1 and particle size index 24, 35, 31 and 14, respectively. The apparent in vivo digestibility of Avon and Swan oats of 71.9 and 74.6 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). However, there was significantly less grain cracked during initial mastication (12.5 vs. 19.2 per cent and a lower percentage of grain voided in faeces (4.3 vs. 9.3) for Avon compared with Swan oats (P < 0.05). The in vivo digestibility of wheat grain was significantly higher for Olympic than for Emblem (77.5 vs. 72.6 per cent) ;these performances were accompanied by lower percentages of grain cracked during initial mastication (17.0 vs. 22.3) and less whole grain DM voided in faeces (14.6 vs. 18.4 per cent) for Olympic compared with Emblem (P < 0.05). The major difference in the digestion of oat and wheat varieties was that rumination accounted for a high proportion of the breakdown of oat grain whereas the wheat varieties were digested by rumen fermentation with only a small proportion of grains broken down by rumination. The breakdown of whole grain in rumination was important for all rations. For the light oats, heavy oats, soft wheat and hard wheat, rumination accounted for 66 per cent, 44 per cent, 27 per cent and 17 per cent of the total breakdown respectively.

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