VESTIBULAR AFFERENTS POPULATION ACTIVATED BY VARIOUS MODES FOR ELICITING OCULAR AND CERVICAL VESTIBULAR-EVOKED MYOGENIC POTENTIALS

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (06) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Jen Wang ◽  
Fu-Shan Jaw ◽  
Yi-Ho Young
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials ◽  
Force Level ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Stimulation Mode ◽  
Vestibular Afferents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

This study compared cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs and oVEMPs) between air-conducted sound (ACS) and bone-conducted vibration (BCV) modes to determine whether these two stimulation modes activate the same population of primary vestibular afferents. Fifteen healthy subjects underwent cVEMP and oVEMP tests using ACS stimuli at 127 dB pe SPL and BCV stimuli at 128 dB force level. The characteristic parameters of cVEMPs and oVEMPs were compared between ACS and BCV modes. The mean p13 and n23 latencies of ACS-cVEMPs were significantly longer than those of BCV-cVEMPs. Likewise, the mean nI and pI latencies for ACS-oVEMPs were also significantly longer than those for BCV-oVEMPs. There was no significant difference in the mean amplitude of cVEMPs between the ACS and BCV modes. However, comparing the oVEMP amplitude, a relationship: (Amplitude of BCV-oVEMP) = 2.3 x (Amplitude of ACS-oVEMP) was demonstrated. In conclusion, the population of primary vestibular afferents activated by ACS and BCV stimuli is similar for cVEMPs. In contrast with oVEMPs, BCV mode activates more number of primary vestibular afferents than ACS mode does. In interpreting oVEMP and cVEMP results, stimulation mode should be checked first.

The Y-shaped trabecular bone structure in the odontoid process of the axis: a CT scan study in 54 healthy subjects and biomechanical considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Montemurro ◽  
Paolo Perrini ◽  
Vittoriano Mangini ◽  
Massimo Galli ◽  
Andrea Papini
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Odontoid Process ◽  
Trabecular Structure ◽  
Anatomical Entity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Axial Ct ◽  
The Mean

OBJECTIVEOdontoid process fractures are very common in both young and geriatric patients. The axial trabecular architecture of the dens appears to be crucial for physiological and biomechanical function of the C1–2 joint. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the presence of a Y-shaped trabecular structure of the dens on axial CT and to describe its anatomical and biomechanical implications.METHODSFifty-four C2 odontoid processes in healthy subjects were prospectively examined for the presence of a Y-shaped trabecular structure at the odontocentral synchondrosis level with a dental cone beam CT scan. Length, width, and axial area of the odontoid process were measured in all subjects. In addition, measurements of the one-third right anterior area of the Y-shaped structure were taken.RESULTSThe Y-shaped trabecular structure was found in 79.6% of cases. Length and width of the odontoid process were 13.5 ± 0.6 mm and 11.2 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. The mean area of the odontoid process at the odontocentral synchondrosis was 93.5 ± 4.3 mm2, whereas the mean one-third right anterior area of the odontoid process at the same level was 29.3 ± 2.5 mm2. The mean area of the odontoid process and its length and width were similar in men and women (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found in the mean area of the odontoid process in people older than 65 years (94 ± 4.2 mm2) compared to people younger than 65 years (93.3 ± 4.4 mm2; p > 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThe authors identified a new anatomical entity, named the Y-shaped trabecular structure of the odontoid process, on axial CT scans. This structure appears to be the result of bone transformation induced by the elevated dynamic loading at the C1–2 level. The presence of the Y-shaped structure provides new insights into biomechanical responses of C2 under physiological loading and traumatic conditions.

Comparison of Bone-Conducted Vibration for Eliciting Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials

2011 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chen Tseng ◽  
Shou-Jen Wang ◽  
Yi-Ho Young
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials ◽  
Ménière’S Disease ◽  
Asymmetry Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Right

Objective. This study compared bone-conducted vibration (BCV) stimuli at forehead (Fz) and mastoid sites for eliciting ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs). Study Design. Prospective study. Setting. University hospital. Methods. Twenty healthy subjects underwent oVEMP testing via BCV stimuli at Fz and mastoid sites. Another 50 patients with unilateral Meniere’s disease also underwent oVEMP testing. Results. All healthy subjects showed clear oVEMPs via BCV stimulation regardless of the tapping sites. The right oVEMPs stimulated by tapping at the right mastoid had earlier nI and pI latencies and a larger nI-pI amplitude compared with those stimulated by tapping at the Fz and left mastoid. Similar trends were also observed in left oVEMPs. However, the asymmetry ratio did not differ significantly between the ipsilateral mastoid and Fz sites. Clinically, tapping at the Fz revealed absent oVEMPs in 28% of Meniere’s ears, which decreased to 16% when tapping at the ipsilesional (hydropic) mastoid site, exhibiting a significant difference. Conclusion. Tapping at the ipsilateral mastoid site elicits earlier oVEMP latencies and larger oVEMP amplitudes when compared with tapping at the Fz site. Thus, tapping at the Fz site is suggested to screen for the otolithic function, whereas tapping at the ipsilesional mastoid site is suitable for evaluating residual otolithic function.

scholarly journals Quantitative assessment of choriocapillaris flow deficits in diabetic retinopathy: A swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243830
Author(s):  
Yining Dai ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Qinqin Zhang ◽  
Zhongdi Chu ◽  
Lisa C. Olmos de Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
En Face ◽  
The Mean

Purpose To quantitatively assess choriocapillaris (CC) flow deficits in eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods Diabetic subjects with different stages of DR and age-matched healthy subjects were recruited and imaged with SS-OCTA. The en face CC blood flow images were generated using previously published and validated algorithms. The percentage of CC flow deficits (FD%) and the mean CC flow deficit size were calculated in a 5-mm-diameter circle centered on the fovea from the 6×6-mm scans. Results Forty-five diabetic subjects and 27 control subjects were included in the study. The CC FD% in diabetic eyes was on average 1.4-fold greater than in control eyes (12.34±4.14% vs 8.82±2.61%, P < 0.001). The mean CC FD size in diabetic eyes was on average 1.4-fold larger than in control eyes (2151.3± 650.8μm2 vs 1574.4±255.0 μm2, P < 0.001). No significant difference in CC FD% or mean CC FD size was observed between eyes with nonproliferative DR and eyes with proliferative DR (P = 1.000 and P = 1.000, respectively). Conclusions CC perfusion in DR can be objectively and quantitatively assessed with FD% and FD size. In the macular region, both CC FD% and CC FD size are increased in eyes with DR. SS-OCTA provides new insights for the investigations of CC perfusion status in diabetes in vivo.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Seasonality, Latitude and Tuberculosis Notifications in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin F. Butt ◽  
Sidra Younis ◽  
Zhenqiang Wu ◽  
Syed H. Hadi ◽  
Abdullah Latif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Seasonal Adjustment ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Abstract BackgroundPakistan is amongst the top 20 highest burden tuberculosis (TB) countries in the world. Approximately 369,548 cases of TB (all forms) were notified in 2018, with an estimated incidence of 265 per 100,000 people per year. In other settings, TB has been shown to demonstrate seasonal variation, with higher incidence in the spring/summer months and lower incidence in the autumn/winter; the amplitude of seasonal variation has also been reported to be higher with increasing distance from the equator.MethodsNotifications of newly-diagnosed pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB cases were obtained for 139 districts in Pakistan from 2011–2017. Data were provided by the Pakistan National TB Control Programme, Islamabad, Pakistan. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether there was seasonal variation in TB notifications in Pakistan; whether the amplitude of seasonal variation in TB notifications varied according to latitude; whether the amplitude of seasonal variation of TB in Pakistan differed between extrapulmonary TB vs. pulmonary TB. To assess the quarterly seasonality of TB, we used the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS seasonal adjustment programme from the United States Census Bureau. The mean difference and corresponding 95% confidence intervals of seasonal amplitudes between different latitudes and type of TB were estimated using linear regression.ResultsTB notifications were highest in quarter 2, and lowest in quarter 4. The mean amplitude of seasonal variation was 25.5% (95% CI 25.0–25.9%). The mean seasonal amplitude of TB notifications from latitude 24.5ºN-<26.5ºN was 29.5% (95% CI 29.3–29.7%) whilst the mean seasonal amplitude of TB notifications from latitude 34.5ºN -<36.5ºN was 21.7% (95% CI 19.6–23.9%). The mean seasonal amplitude of TB notifications across Pakistan between latitudes 24.5ºN to 36.5ºN reached statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The amplitude of seasonal variation was greater for extrapulmonary TB (mean seasonal amplitude: 21.6%, 95% CI 32.1–33.1%) vs. smear positive pulmonary TB (mean seasonal amplitude 32.6%, 95% CI 21.4–21.8%), p < 0.001.ConclusionTB notifications in Pakistan exhibit seasonal variation with a peak in quarter 2 (April-June) and trough in quarter 4 (October-December). The amplitude of seasonality decreases with increasing latitude, and is more pronounced for extrapulmonary TB than for pulmonary TB.

Episodic nyctohemeral secretion of melatonin in adult humans: Lack of relation with LH pulsatile pattern

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto de Leiva ◽  
Federico Tortosa ◽  
Miguel A. Peinado ◽  
José Serrano ◽  
José Rodriguez-Espinosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Melatonin Secretion ◽  
Melatonin Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Lh Secretion

Abstract The concentration of melatonin and LH were determined in plasma samples obtained at 10-min intervals during 4 h of darkness (00.00-04.00 h) from 4 normal women, age 23-27 years, in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and in 6 normal men, age 23-31 years. Additionally, melatonin concentration was determined in samples obtained from the men at 10-min intervals for 4 h during the day (10.00-14.00 h). A pulsatile pattern of melatonin secretion was found for all the subjects during darkness. There was no significant difference between women and men as to the number of pulses (2.8 ± 0.5 vs 5.2 ± 1.0 per 4 h), amplitude of pulses (51.3 ± 28 vs 27.2 ± 6 ng/l), concentration per 4 h (32.5 ± 13 vs 31.0 ± 5 ng/l), or apparent half-life of melatonin (19.3 ± 2.3 vs 15.3 ± 7.5 min). The mean amplitude of the melatonin pulse correlated (r = 0.863, p<0.001) with the mean melatonin concentration per 4 h. A pulsatile LH secretion pattern was found for the 10 subjects and did not correlate significantly with the melatonin secretion pattern. The results are consistent with an independent signal for the demonstrated nyctohemeral pulsatile melatonin and LH secretions.

scholarly journals Influence of Fasting followed by Acute Water Ingestion on Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Eyes of Healthy Subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. oapoc.0000013
Author(s):  
Rocio Blanco-Garavito ◽  
Polina Astroz ◽  
Salomon Yves Cohen ◽  
Eric H. Souied
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Enhanced Depth Imaging ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Purpose To investigate the influence of at least 12 hours of fasting followed by acute water ingestion on macular choroidal thickness in eyes of healthy subjects. Methods Prospective case series study including healthy volunteers from April 1, 2015 to May 31, 2015. Macular choroidal thickness was measured on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and on swept-source (SS)-OCT after 12 hours of fasting, and 60 minutes after acute water ingestion (750 mL in 5 minutes). Results A total of 52 eyes of 26 healthy volunteers were included in this study. The mean age for participants was 32 years old. After 12 hours of fasting, the mean (±SD) subfoveal choroidal thickness was 335.43 (±104.82) μm on EDI-OCT and 286.16 (±80.32) μm on SS-OCT. The mean (±SD) subfoveal choroidal thickness after acute water intake was 352.32 (±120.36) μm and 290.5 (±85.86) μm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the mean subfoveal thickness at baseline and 60 minutes after acute water ingestion for any of the choroidal imaging techniques (p = 0.1386 for EDI-OCT and p = 0.0659 for SS-OCT). Conclusions These results suggest that choroidal circulation can physiologically quickly adapt to systemic vascular changes in healthy eyes. Choroidal thickness did not depend upon the hydration status for the subjects participating in this study.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry Parameters in Patients with Exfoliation Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Emrullah Beyazyıldız ◽  
Özlem Beyazyıldız ◽  
Süleyman Günaydın ◽  
Emrah Kan ◽  
Mert Şimşek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Exfoliation Syndrome ◽  
Low Coherence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry ◽  
Group 1

Purpose. To evaluate optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) parameters in patients with exfoliation syndrome (EXS) undergoing cataract surgery.Methods. Forty-seven eyes of 47 patients with EXS (Group 1), and 55 eyes of 55 healthy subjects (Group 2) were included in the study. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), horizontal corneal length (HCL), and pupil diameter (PD) parameters were measured by OLCR (Lenstar LS 900, Haag-Streit) and compared between groups. Shapiro-Wilk test and Mann WhitneyUtests were used for statistical analyses.Results. The mean ACD, HCL, and PD values were significantly lower in EXS group than in healthy subjects (P= 0.01,P= 0.04, andP<0.001, resp.). The mean LT was significantly higher in EXS group than in healthy subjects (P= 0.007). There was no significant difference between groups in means of AXL and CCT.Conclusions. According to OLCR measures, eyes with EXS have shallower ACD, smaller PD, thicker LT, shorter HCL, and no significantly different CCT levels.

scholarly journals Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Longa Latência e Cognitivo em Adolescentes com Síndrome de Down

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Audrei Thayse Viegel de Ávila ◽  
Pricila Sleifer ◽  
Vanessa Onzi Rocha ◽  
Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potential ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Brain Processing

A realização dos Potencias Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência - PEALL em indivíduos com síndrome de Down - SD podem fornecer dados importantes sobre o processamento cerebral da audição e suas associações necessária para um bom desenvolvimento da linguagem. Analisar latências e amplitudes obtidas no registro dos componentes exógenos e endógeno dos PEALL, em adolescentes com SD, assim como correlacionar os achados entre os gêneros. Foram incluídos no estudo onze adolescentes com SD, que não apresentassem perdas auditivas, sete do gênero feminino e quatro do masculino, com idade mínima de 13 e máxima de 17 anos. Foi realizada avaliação auditiva periférica básica e pesquisa dos PEALL, incluindo o potencial cognitivo (P3). As médias encontradas para as latências dos componentes exógenos P1, N1, P2, N2 foram, respectivamente, de 110,2ms; 180,3ms; 322,2ms e 492,5ms para orelha direita e 100,2ms; 168,3ms; 323,1ms e 497,5ms para orelha esquerda. As amplitudes médias encontradas para P1N1 e N1P2 foram, respectivamente, 15,0μV e 16,0μV para orelha direita e 16,8μV e 18,7μV para orelha esquerda. A média encontrada para a latência da onda P3 foi 651,7ms e amplitude média foi 10,0μV. Houve diferença significativa entre gêneros para a latência de N1 na orelha direita (p=0,020). Na análise das ondas P1, N1, P2, N2 e P3 foi possível observar aumento das latências e amplitudes dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Foi verificada correlação significativa entre gêneros somente para as latências de N1 na orelha direita, tendo o gênero feminino latências superiores. Sugere-se a realização de estudos, que usem os procedimentos de PEALL para avaliar e monitorar, objetivamente, as intervenções e evoluções terapêuticas na SD.Palavra-chave: Audição. Eletrofisiologia. Potenciais Evocados Auditivos.AbstractThe accomplishment of Late Latency Auditory Evoked Potential - LLAEP in individuals with Down syndrome - DS can provide important data from brain processing of hearing and their associations necessary for a good language development. To evaluate latencies and amplitudes obtained from exogenous and endogenous components of LLAEP in teenagers with DS and correlate the findings between genders. This study included 11 teenagers with DS and without hearing loss, seven females and four males with minimum age 13 and maximum 17 years. Hearing evaluation and research of the LLAEP were performed, including cognitive potential (P3). The averages found for the latencies of exogenous components P1, N1, P2, N2 were respectively 110,2ms; 180,3ms; 322,2ms and 492,5ms to right ear and 100,2ms; 168,3ms; 323,1ms and 497,5ms to left ear. The averages found for the amplitudes P1N1 and N1P2 were respectively 15.00μV and 16.0 μV to right ear and 16.8μV and 18.7μV to left ear. The mean found for the latency of the P3 wave was 651.7 ms and mean amplitude 10.0μV. There was a significant difference between genders for N1 latency in the right ear (p=0.020). Analyzing P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 waves, it was observed increased latencies and amplitudes within the normal range. Significant correlation was observed between genders only for N1 latencies for the right ear, females had higher latencies. It is suggested to carry out studies that use the LLAEP procedures to evaluate and objectively monitor the interventions and therapeutics evolutions in DS.Keywords: Hearing. Electrophysiology. Evoked Potentials, Auditory.

scholarly journals The relationship between seasonality, latitude and tuberculosis notifications in Pakistan.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin F. Butt ◽  
Sidra Younis ◽  
Zhenqiang Wu ◽  
Syed H. Hadi ◽  
Abdullah Latif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Seasonal Adjustment ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Abstract BackgroundPakistan is amongst the top 20 highest burden tuberculosis (TB) countries in the world. Approximately 369,548 cases of TB (all forms) were notified in 2018, with an estimated incidence of 265 per 100,000 people per year. In other settings, TB has been shown to demonstrate seasonal variation, with higher incidence in the spring/summer months and lower incidence in the autumn/winter; the amplitude of seasonal variation has also been reported to be higher with increasing distance from the equator.MethodsNotifications of newly-diagnosed pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB cases were obtained for 139 districts in Pakistan from 2011-2017. Data were provided by the Pakistan National TB Control Programme, Islamabad, Pakistan. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether there was seasonal variation in TB notifications in Pakistan; whether the amplitude of seasonal variation in TB notifications varied according to latitude; whether the amplitude of seasonal variation of TB in Pakistan differed between extrapulmonary TB vs. pulmonary TB. To assess the quarterly seasonality of TB, we used the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS seasonal adjustment programme from the United States Census Bureau. The mean difference and corresponding 95% confidence intervals of seasonal amplitudes between different latitudes and type of TB were estimated using linear regression.ResultsTB notifications were highest in quarter 2, and lowest in quarter 4. The mean amplitude of seasonal variation was 25.5% (95% CI 25.0% to 25.9%). The mean seasonal amplitude of TB notifications from latitude 24.5ºN-<26.5ºN was 29.5% (95% CI 29.3% to 29.7%) whilst the mean seasonal amplitude of TB notifications from latitude 34.5ºN -<36.5ºN was 21.7% (95% CI 19.6% to 23.9%). The mean seasonal amplitude of TB notifications across Pakistan between latitudes 24.5ºN to 36.5ºN reached statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The amplitude of seasonal variation was greater for extrapulmonary TB (mean seasonal amplitude: 32.6%, 95% CI 21.4% to 21.8%) vs. smear positive pulmonary TB mean seasonal amplitude: 21.6%, 95% CI 32.1% to 33.1%), p<0.001.ConclusionTB notifications in Pakistan exhibit seasonal variation with a peak in quarter 2 (April-June) and trough in quarter 4 (October-December). The amplitude of seasonality decreases with increasing latitude, and is more pronounced for extrapulmonary TB than for pulmonary TB.

scholarly journals Examination of IQ in 7 to 14 years old children with sickle cell disease compared with healthy children

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e13-e13
Author(s):  
Arash Alghasi ◽  
Zohreh Hassanpour ◽  
Mohammad Bahadoram ◽  
Somayeh Ashrafi ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Kazem Nourbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Iq Scores

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that can be diagnosed by early onset screening tests. In embryos and newborns with sickle cell syndrome, the anatomic development and brain circulation is less than the normal people, and brain circulation plays an important role in brain development. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of IQ in children with SCD. Patients and Patients and Methods: The study was a descriptive-epidemiologic. The population of the present study was all children aged 7-14 years old with SCD in Ahvaz. The sample of this study was 50 children with SCD. They were selected from among clients referring to the hepatitis clinic of Shafa hospital in Ahvaz. About 50 healthy children were selected from the first or second-degree family members of the patients with SCD as the control group. The data was collected using Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) and demographic information questionnaire. Results: The mean and standard deviation of IQ scores of the patients with SCD was 94.52 ± 14.41, and the mean and standard deviation of IQ scores of healthy subjects was 105.86 ± 11.38. The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of IQ score (P<0.05). Moreover, the results showed that IQ level in patients with SCD was significant regarding their place of residence (P<0.05), however IQ level was not significant in patients with SCD regarding gender and race (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that IQ in children with SCD is lower than that of the healthy subjects. Thus, the present study showed the importance of SCD on children’s IQ.

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