Creativity and Giftedness

2017 ◽  
pp. 179-197
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Type ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Intellectually Gifted ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

During the last decades there is a growing interest in theory and research on creativity and giftedness. Creativity and giftedness are two distinct, but intercorrelated terms. They can be combined into a new distinct type of giftedness, the creative giftedness. Creative giftedness is associated with originality and inventiveness in highly cognitively demanding scientific and/or artistic fields. In this chapter, there will be a presentation in the form of a brief historical overview of the research on the topic of creativity and giftedness. This chapter also includes a review concerning data from neuropsychological research coming from children, adolescents and adults, who are both creatively and intellectually gifted, and data from a Greek research for the general population's attitudes toward individuals who are characterized as both intellectually and creatively gifted. Finally, some questions that need clarification through future research and a discussion concerning new methodological paradigms will be presented.

Hunger and Food Insecurity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Barrett ◽  
Erin C. Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines hunger and food insecurity in relation to poverty. Evidence shows that food insecurity is overwhelmingly concentrated in developing countries, even as it also exists in wealthy countries. Today, food insecurity remains widespread in large measure because extreme poverty remains widespread, and vice versa. However, the relationship between poverty and food insecurity is complex and bidirectional. This article first reviews concepts and definitions related to food security before discussing the major approaches used to measure food insecurity. It then explains why measurement matters and why it remains so challenging and proceeds by providing a historical overview of hunger and food insecurity. It also analyzes the causes of hunger and food insecurity and interventions intended to reduce hunger and food insecurity. Finally, it suggests directions for future research.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Traumatic Stress Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damion J. Grasso
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to a broad range of events that can reflect physical or psychological threats to safety, as well as deprivation of basic needs, essential resources, or caregiving necessary for children to thrive and attain healthy development. ACEs can constitute potentially traumatic experiences or nontraumatic adversities with the potential to exacerbate trauma-related impairment or compromise trauma recovery and resilience. This chapter explores ACEs in the context of trauma and trauma-related impairment across the life span. It covers research employing variable- and person-centered analytic strategies for quantifying cumulative and unique constellations of ACEs that probabilistically co-occur, contemporaneously or across development, to influence risk and resilience. Studies examining intergenerational patterns and biological correlates are introduced and progress toward delineating causal risk mechanisms discussed. In addition, several existing tools and methods for assessing ACEs in young and school-age children, adolescents, and adults are summarized. Clinical and public health implications of ACE screening in healthcare, schools, and other settings are considered, as is the clinical application of research on ACEs in trauma-specific prevention and treatment. The chapter concludes with a focus on future research priorities.

Emotional dysregulation and ADHD

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine Ryckaert ◽  
Jonna Kuntsi ◽  
Philip Asherson
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Predictors Of Response ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Inattention And Hyperactivity ◽  
Shared Genetic

Symptoms of emotional dysregulation commonly accompany ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults. These include volatile moods, temper tantrums, and irritability. How emotional dysregulation relates to ADHD is currently debated. We approach this by establishing that, while emotional dysregulation is a transdiagnostic construct, it is also seen in ADHD cases independently of comorbidity. Furthermore, it accounts for ADHD-related impairments beyond symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Aetiological studies suggest shared genetic influences drive the covariation of emotional dysregulation and ADHD symptoms. However, at the cognitive and neural level emotional dysregulation in ADHD seems to emerge as the direct effects of dysfunctions in emotional processing, rather than being secondary to deficits underpinning the symptoms of ADHD. Nevertheless, treatment trials of stimulants and atomoxetine show significant clinical improvement in emotional dysregulation symptoms. Future research needs to investigate the interaction of ADHD with comorbid disorders, and the predictors of response to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

scholarly journals A Typology of Virtual Worlds: Historical Overview and Future Directions

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Messinger ◽  
Eleni Stroulia ◽  
Kelly Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Platform Design ◽  
Profit Model ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Collaborative Play

Virtual worlds constitute a growing space for collaborative play, learning, work, and e-commerce. To promote study of this emerging realm of activity, we suggest a typology adapted from C. Porter’s (2004) typology of virtual communities. The five elements of the proposed typology include (1) purpose (content of interaction), (2) place (location of interaction), (3) platform (design of interaction), (4) population (participants in the interaction), and (5) profit model (return on interaction). We argue that this five-element typology facilitates identification of (a) the historic antecedents of virtual worlds in gaming and social networking, (b) future applications of virtual worlds for society, education, and business; and (c) topics for future research.

Nursing Classification and Terminology Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn J S Hovenga
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Clinical Information Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
The Many

A number of terminologies exist that represent concepts of relevance to nurses, although none of these is in use by Australian nurses. Without consensus, nursing language and definitions incorporated in clinical information systems now being implemented will continue to vary considerably. The result will be an inability to compare nursing practice, or to aggregate data for research purposes, or to collect national statistical data to demonstrate the significance of nurses' contributions to health care. This article provides an international historical overview of nursing terminology developments relative to what is happening in Australia, brief reviews of the many available nursing terminologies, an update of this work relative to activities being undertaken towards the development and adoption of standards, and a discussion about desirable future research and development activities.

A snapshot of psycho-social issues in camp living. A Sri Lankan landslide May 2016 in the Kegalle district

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Broadway-Horner 1
Keyword(s):  
Professional Growth ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Graduate Degrees ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact

This paper seeks to explore the aspects of being made homeless or Internally Displaced person (IDP) and how the team attempted to assess this. The team of 10 psychological researchers and statisticians spent a day at 5 camps in 4 locations within Kegalle, Sri Lanka. The languages within the team are Tamil, English and Sinhalese. The aim to find out if depression, anxiety and trauma symptoms are evident within child, adolescents and adults categories, 3 months after the landslide triggered by the storm Roanu May 2016. The participants volunteered to be interviewed using self report measures. The psychological researchers did have undergraduate and post graduate degrees in psychology. Whilst the project lead had clinical experience, the researchers did not and so this was their first field trip. The research was granted ethical clearance by the ethics board at CIRP – Colombo. Unfortunately, due to low numbers, significance is problematic and so this paper addresses the experience and lessons learned by implication for professional growth and future research with IDP. But the impact upon men’s health becomes clear as the team discovers the psychosocial aspects of being homeless.

scholarly journals Challenging rigidity in Anorexia (treatment, training and supervision): questioning manual adherence in the face of complexity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annaleise Robertson ◽  
Chris Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Readiness To Change ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Training And Supervision ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Treatment Manuals

Abstract Background Anorexia Nervosa is a debilitating illness. While there have been many advancements to treatment protocols and outcomes for people with eating disorders, the field acknowledges there remains considerable room for improvement. This timely Special Edition of the Journal of Eating Disorders has invited those of us in the field to consider a range of topics in aid of this task, including potential modifications and implementation of evidence-based practice, specific and common psychotherapy factors, treatment manuals, adherence and individualising treatment approaches for individuals and families. Body In this paper, we briefly outline the key manualised treatments currently available to treat children, adolescents and adults with Anorexia Nervosa, considering the benefits, potential reasons for adaptations and limitations. We then review the current evidence for training strict adherence to treatment manuals which is often a key focus in training and supervision, questioning the association of increased treatment adherence with improved therapeutic outcome. We then summarise some key evidence behind other therapeutic factors which have been demonstrated to affect outcome regardless of which manual is implemented, such as readiness to change and therapeutic alliance. Conclusion The paper concludes with implications and considerations for future research, clinical guidelines, training and supervision, highlighting the need to consider the therapeutic relationship and processes alongside manual content to conduct best evidence-informed practice.

scholarly journals Deceptive behaviour in autism: A scoping review

Autism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136236132110579
Author(s):  
Ralph Bagnall ◽  
Ailsa Russell ◽  
Mark Brosnan ◽  
Katie Maras
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Social Ability ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

The ability to deceive is a key milestone in social cognitive development for typically developing individuals. In this scoping review, we systematically searched the literature to summarise research on deceptive behaviour in autism and identify gaps in knowledge. Across the 28 studies identified, three main themes were synthesised, with seven subthemes: (1) Deception ability and prevalence (1a) gameplay deception; (1b) naturalistic deception; (2) Psychological correlates of deception (2a) verbal, intellectual and social ability; (2b) theory of mind (ToM) behaviours; (2c) executive function; and (3) Social learning (3a) training; (3b) social contexts. The findings challenge common stereotypes, showing that autistic individuals can and do engage in deception. However, many do so less frequently and less adeptly than typically developing individuals. Emerging evidence also suggests that autistic individuals (without co-occurring intellectual disability) may use compensatory strategies when engaging in deception, and that more skilled deceptive behaviour may arise later in life. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. Lay abstract The ability to deceive others is an important skill that usually develops in early childhood. In this review, we give an overview of studies that have examined deceptive behaviour in autistic children, adolescents and adults. We separated the study findings into three main categories and seven sub-categories: (1) Deception ability and prevalence (1a) gameplay deception; (1b) naturalistic deception; (2) Psychological processes in deception (2a) verbal, intellectual and social ability; (2b) ability to understand others’ thoughts and beliefs; (2c) cognitive ability; and (3) Social learning (3a) training; (3b) social contexts. Contrary to some stereotypes, we found that autistic people can and do deceive but often find this more difficult than non-autistic people. We also found that autistic people may use different psychological processes than non-autistic people when deceiving and may get better at deception in adulthood.

scholarly journals A Lifespan Development Theory of Insecure Attachment and Internalizing Symptoms: Integrating Meta-Analytic Evidence via a Testable Evolutionary Mis/Match Hypothesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Or Dagan ◽  
Ashley Groh ◽  
Sheri Madigan ◽  
Kristin Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Lifespan Development ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Attachment Patterns ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Meta Analyses

Attachment scholars have long argued that insecure attachment patterns are associated with vulnerability to internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety symptoms. However, accumulating evidence from the past four decades, summarized in four large meta-analyses evaluating the link between insecure attachment subtypes and internalizing symptoms provide divergent evidence for this claim. This divergent evidence may be accounted for, at least in part, by the developmental period under examination. Specifically, children with histories of deactivating (i.e., insecure-avoidant) but not hyperactivating (i.e., insecure-resistant) attachment patterns in infancy and early childhood showed elevated internalizing symptoms. In contrast, adolescents and adults with hyperactivating (i.e., insecure-preoccupied) but not deactivating (i.e., insecure-dismissing) attachment classifications showed elevated internalizing symptoms. In this paper, we summarize findings from four large meta-analyses and highlight the divergent meta-analytic findings that emerge across different developmental periods. We first present several potential methodological issues that may have contributed to these divergent findings. Then, we leverage clinical, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives to propose a testable lifespan development theory of attachment and internalizing symptoms that integrates findings across meta-analyses. According to this theory, subtypes of insecure attachment patterns may be differentially linked to internalizing symptoms depending on their mis/match with the developmentally appropriate orientation tendency toward caregivers (in childhood) or away from them (i.e., toward greater independence in post-childhood). Lastly, we offer future research directions to test this theory.

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