Irregular Ecologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Kingsly Awang Ollong
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Development Spending

Cameroon, since 2016, has been witnessing what is now commonly referred to as the Anglophone Crisis (or the Ambazonia War) that has kept economic and social activities in the Anglophone Regions of Cameroon at bay with serious socio-economic implications on the local communities and the economic tissue of the regions. This paper explores the socio-economic challenges faced by the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon through the provision of a comprehensive analysis of the trends and economic implications of Anglophone Crisis. Moreover, the nature of conflicts has changed, with traditional civil wars giving way to non-state-based conflicts, including the targeting of civilians through terrorist attacks. The paper recommends that Cameroon, with the help of her partners, should focus on limiting the loss of human and physical capital by protecting social and development spending.

Community Development in the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon: A Socio-analytic insight of self-Development at the dawn of Decentralization

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 194-231
Author(s):  
Kelly Mua Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The West ◽  
Development Agency ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Self Development ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Common Problems

The coming together in an attempt to take collective actions and generate solutions to common problems has shaped the lives of inhabitants of the grassroots and tropical forest areas in Cameroon, especially in the North West and South-West Regions. The United Nation defines community development as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." It is a broad concept, applied to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens, and professionals to improve various aspects of communities, typically aiming to build stronger and more resilient local communities. British rule in the Southern Cameroons and for more than a decade into the existence of the West Cameroon state of the Cameroon Federation, many reflections were brought on board to enhance the level of economic development of the territory. This became the crux behind the creation of the Southern Cameroons Development Agency (S.C.D.A) which was transformed to the West Cameroon Development Agency (W.C.D.A) in 1961. The Development Agency from its inception in 1956 contained a lofty blueprint for the development of the territory, especially, in the agro-industrial and commercial domains. Nevertheless, the manner in which the Agency collapsed in the early seventies could be attributed to the merger in diverse proportion of unapprised state-centric practices and some corporate cultures shocks. The era of decentralization that came without its effective implementation in 1996 did not help in the development of local communities and their populations because of its slow, poor implementation and interpretation by the communities. However the full implementation measures of the decentralization process with legal and institutional framework will serve as a catalyst to community development. The community well-being spree has demonstrated its bright face in the socio-economic, cultural and environmental prisms. The range of these interactions is measured from small initiatives within small groups to large groups with broader community-development nexus. Community development has been the beacon and the citadel of community engagement in the two English speaking regions of Cameroon through common initiative groups enhanced by agricultural and livestock farming, socio-economic and cultural development. But the story has changed with the new dynamics with Decentralization where competencies are transferred to territorial collectivities for local councils to handle their affairs. The objective of this study is to explore the various ways community development inter-twined with self-development entertained in the English speaking regions of Cameroon and how it has changed today. But how was self-development given credence in these regions before the socio-political crises and before Decentralization? It is in an attempt to answer these that we decided to examine the activities that undergird these regions as well as promoting oneness and how it will change with Decentralization. A comparative analysis of forms of decentralization and its effects and growth in some countries has also been examined. Some studies on Decentralization have acknowledged that community development will have a better and coordinated way of presenting their cooperative projects for optimum attention by the decentralized services. It is only at this stage that, we can measure the impact of Decentralization on the people of these regions with a contemporary approach in their community engagements.

Stanowiska reliktowego gatunku Betula humilis (Betulaceae) w Dolinie Górnego Nurca na Nizinie Północnopodlaskiej

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Aleksander Kołos
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Ditches ◽  
North West ◽  
Hay Meadows ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Western Border ◽  
Betula Humilis ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Betula humilis Schrank (shrubby birch) is among the most endangered shrub species in Poland. All localities are in the eastern and northern parts of the country, where the species reaches the western border of its geographical range in Europe. Betula humilis is disappearing in Poland due to wetland melioration and shrub succession. Over 80% of the localities described in Poland have not been confirmed in the last 20 years. Five new localities of B. humilis in the North Podlasie Lowland were recorded from 2008 to 2019 in the Upper Nurzec Valley (Fig. 1): 1–1.5 km south-west of Pawlinowo village (in the ATPOL GC7146 plot) and 1.5–2 km north-west of Żuki village (ATPOL GC7155, GC156 and GC166). The population near Pawlinowo (locality 1) is currently composed of ~80 individuals (101 individuals were noted in 2010) and is one of the largest populations in north-eastern Poland. Betula humilis grows there within patches dominated by Salix rosmarinifolia and megaforbs. The population at locality 5 is composed of 18 individuals. At the remaining localities, only 1–4 individuals were found, scattered along drainage ditches surrounded by hay meadows. At some of these localities the species is threatened with extinction. It is suggested to remove competitive trees and shrubs (mainly Populus tremula, Betula pubescens and Salix cinerea) in order to maintain the local populations.

scholarly journals Diocesan Licensing and Medical Practitioners in South-West England, 1660–1780

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Medical Expertise ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Decentralized Trade ◽  
South West ◽  
The Many ◽  
South West England

The licensing of provincial surgeons and physicians in the post-Restoration period has proved an awkward subject for medical historians. It has divided writers between those who regard the possession of a local licence as a mark of professionalism or proficiency, those who see the existence of diocesan licences as a mark of an essentially unregulated and decentralized trade, and those who discount the distinction of licensing in assessing medical expertise availability in a given region. Such a diversity of interpretations has meant that the very descriptors by which practitioners were known to their contemporaries (and are referred to by historians) have become fragmented and difficult to use without a specific context. As David Harley has pointed out in his study of licensed physicians in the north-west of England, “historians often define eighteenth-century physicians as men with medical degrees, thus ignoring … the many licensed physicians throughout the country”. One could similarly draw attention to the inadequacy of the word “surgeon” to cover licensed and unlicensed practitioners, barber-surgeons, Company members in towns, self-taught practitioners using surgical manuals, and procedural specialists whose work came under the umbrella of surgery, such as bonesetters, midwives and phlebotomists. Although such fragmentation of meaning reflects a diversity of practices carried on under the same occupational descriptors in early modern England, the result is an imprecise historical literature in which the importance of licensing, and especially local licensing, is either ignored as a delimiter or viewed as an inaccurate gauge of medical proficiency.

Part VI. The Cyclopean Terrace Building and the Deposit of Pottery beneath It

1954 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 267-291
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Wace
Keyword(s):  
Contour Line ◽  
The South ◽  
Main Road ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West

The Cyclopean Terrace Building lies to the north-west of the Lion Gate on the northern end of the Panagia Ridge and faces almost due west across the valley of the Kephissos and modern main road from Corinth to Argos. It lies just below the 200 m. contour line, and one terrace below the houses excavated in 1950–51 by Dr. Papadimitriou and Mr. Petsas to the east at the same end of the ridge. The area contains a complex of buildings, both successive and contemporary, and in view of the discovery of structures both to the south-west and, by the Greek Archaeological Service, to the north-east it is likely that this whole slope was covered by a portion of the outer town of Mycenae. This report will deal only with the structure to which the name Cyclopean Terrace Building was originally given, the so-called ‘North Megaron’, supported by the heavy main terrace wall.The excavation of this structure was begun in 1923. The main terrace wall was cleared and two L.H. IIIC burials discovered in the top of the fill in the south room. In 1950 it was decided to attempt to clear this building entirely in an endeavour to find out its date and purpose. The clearing was not, however, substantially completed until the close of the 1953 excavation season, and this report presents the available evidence for the date as determined by the pottery found beneath the building; the purpose is still a matter for study, though various tentative conclusions can be put forward.

II.—Notes on the Pleistocene of the North-West Territories of Canada, North-West and West of Hudson Bay

1894 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Burr Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Geological Survey ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
North West Territories

In the extreme northernmost part of Canada, lying between North Latitudes 56° and 68° and West Longitudes 88° and 112°, is an area of about 400,000 square miles, which had up to the past two years remained geologically unexplored.In 1892 the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada sent the writer to explore the country north of Churchill River, and south-west of Lake Athabasca;in1893 the exploration was continued northward, along the north shore of Athabasca Lake

The Broadlaw “Granite”

1947 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-180
Author(s):  
D. D. C. Pochin Mould
Keyword(s):  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Granitic Intrusions

The Broadlaw “Granite” is one of the small granitic intrusions of Caledonian age found in the eastern part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is situated on the north-west flank of Broadlaw in the Moorfoot Hills, three miles south-west of Middleton House.

VI.—The Salt Deposits of Dax and the Pyrenees

1904 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
P. W. Stuart-Menteath
Keyword(s):  
Rock Salt ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
Salt Formation ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Salt Deposits

On the rail to Biarritz the roots of the Pyrenees first appear at Dax, and are accompanied by those ophites and thermal springs which are special features of the entire chain. Vast deposits of salt, to whose first development I contributed, have added an important industry to the resources of this ancient capital of Aquœ Tarbelliœ, where the exact harness depicted on Roman medals is still characteristic of every cart. Beneath the existing ditch of the Roman fortifications rock-salt was accidentally discovered by a boring for mineral water, and the salt is now worked at three miles to the south-east, and is indicated by springs for a distance of seven miles. The deposit is known to be about 100 feet in thickness, but is of unknown depth beneath the existing borings.Along the entire outskirts of both sides of the Pyrenees similar salt deposits abound, and they are often similarly accompanied by igneous rocks.The salt formation of Dax is distinctly limited by the valley of the Adour, which here ceases to wander among the sands of the plain, and is suddenly and sharply diverted along a tectonic depression, running towards the Pyrenees in a south-west direction. Precisely parallel to this course, in the Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of the Pyrenees, there runs, at a dozen miles to the north-west, the most remarkable example known of a tectonic valley sunk beneath the ocean. The Gouf de Capbreton, sinking with steep sides to over 3,000 feet beneath the even bottom of the Atlantic skirt, and affording evidence of igneous rocks in its surroundings and in the irregularities of its floor, is a perfect analogue of the neighbouring tectonic portion of the Adour.

LXXXIX. Observations upon a slight earthquake, tho' very particular which may lead to the knowlege of the cause of great and violent ones, that ravage whole countries, and overturn cities. Translated from the French

1757 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 645-648
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
History Of

I went to make my observation upon the natural history of the sea; and when I arrived at a place called the Cauldrons of Lance Caraibe, near Lancebertrand, a part of the island of Grande Terre Guadaloupe, in which place the coast runs north-east and south-west, the sea being much agitated that day flowed from the north-west.

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