scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SARS-COV-2 IN BRAZIL – A NEW CHALLENGE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 034-042
Author(s):  
Rafael Romero Nicolino ◽  
Marcelo Teixeira Paiva ◽  
Helena De Castro Teotônio ◽  
Marco Paulo Batista ◽  
Camila Stefanie Fonseca de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
World Population ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The World ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

In December 2019, a new disease was identified in China. From the investigation of cases of pneumonia of indefinite origin, researchers came to the identification of a new coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2. Causing more than 3.5 million cases and nearly 250.000 deaths between December 2019 and May 2020, COVID-19 was declared a Pandemic by the WHO in March 2020 and since then major consequences and changes in the daily lives of the world population have been occurring. Elucidating its epidemiology, knowing its associated risk factors are fundamental points to combat COVID-19.

Cancer epidemiology and public health

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-42
Author(s):  
Paolo Boffetta ◽  
Zuo-Feng Zhang ◽  
Carlo La Vecchia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Epidemiology And Public Health

Neoplasms continue to dominate globally as one of the major sources of human disease and death. There are multiple modifiable causes of cancer and understanding their attributable risk factors for each cancer is of importance. This chapter covers the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the experimental and epidemiological approaches as determinants of the main cancers. Even if major discoveries in the clinical management of cancer patients will be accomplished in the near future, the changes will mainly affect the affluent part of the world population. Promising approaches focused on prevention of the known causes, reducing its consequences, notably in resource-constrained settings are highlighted.

scholarly journals Monsoons

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Kyung-Ja Ha
Keyword(s):  
World Population ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The World

Monsoon climates affect the daily lives of two-thirds of the world population [...]

The Comparison of Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection between Pediatric and Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Zandi ◽  
Saber Soltani ◽  
Mona Fani ◽  
Haniye Shafipour ◽  
Samaneh Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Smoking Susceptibility ◽  
The Relationship

SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the recent pandemic in the world. It has been recently recognized as a challenge for public health and a significant cause of severe illness in all age groups. Young children and older people are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, children usually present mild symptoms compared to adult patients. The relationship between age, severity, and COVID-19 transmission is compared to determine whether there is any reasonable relationship between age and COVID-19. It should be mentioned that some risk factors may increase the probability of developing severe COVID-19 by advancing age, such as pathophysiological changes in the respiratory system, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in the nasopharynx, and smoking. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection is independent of age, but the mortality rate of COVID-19 depends on age.

scholarly journals A study on health related risk factors and health seeking behavior among elderly population in rural Bangladesh

Mediscope ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Farhana Ferdaus ◽  
Refat Zahan ◽  
Md Abdur Rahman ◽  
Shahin Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
World Population ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Related

Globally, 10% of the world population is elderly people and it is expected to increase to 21% in the year 2051. In the year 2002, the number of elderly people in the world was estimated to be 605 million, which is expected to rise to more than 1.2 billion by the year 2025. This crosssectional study was conducted to and out the health-related quality of life and risk factors among elderly population in the selected rural population of Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira District. Data was collected from both the male and female population, aged 60 years and above, during February to June 2018. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 50 respondents by face to face interview with semi-structured questionnaire. In the study, the mean age of elderly was male 63 (±2.95) years, and female 61.8 (±2.04) years. Other socio-demographic factors among elderly were as follows: 20 (40%) of elderly were illiterate, 15 (30%) of elderly were doing business, 21 (42%) were doing farming. 40 (80%) of elderly were married. The study also reported the five most common disease co-morbidities for elderly which included: 71.43% male and 28.57% female had hypertension while 72.22% of male and 27.78% of female patients were already treated, 68.75% male and 31.25% female had diabetes mellitus and 100% of them were treated, 50% of male elderly and 50% of female elderly were suffering bone and joint pain/arthritis and 60% of them were received treatment, hearing impairment found among 100% of male while two-third of patients received treatment, one-third of female and two-third of male elderly suffered from poor vision; however, only one-third of female patients were treated. On the basis of these findings, it can be recommended that there is a need to develop geriatric health-care services. Mediscope Vol. 7, No. 2: July 2020, Page 75-81

scholarly journals Causes and Management of Neck Pain in Primary Care, Review Article

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
Faisal Suliman Algaows ◽  
Nader Marzouq AlOtaibi ◽  
Salma Mousa Hakami ◽  
Omar Abdrabalrasoul Alkhabaz ◽  
Bandar Owaidh ALJohani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pain Patients

Neck pain is a prevalent ailment that affects many people around the world. Neck pain is linked to a high level of disability and is usually regarded as a serious public health issue. Pain between the superior nuchal line and the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra is referred to as neck pain. The pain in the neck might refer to the head, trunk, and upper limbs in some cases. This article seeks to offer a summary of the existing evidence on the prevalence, costs, diagnosis, prognosis, risk factors, prevention, and management of neck pain patients.

scholarly journals Metabolic syndrome and heart failure: mechanism and management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidhi Laksono Purwowiyoto ◽  
Ananta Siddhi Prawara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
World Population ◽  
Neurohormonal Activation ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
Careful Management

Heart failure (HF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are syndromes that affect a large proportion of the world population. MetS is known to be one of the risk factors of HF, and it can also act as comorbidity in HF. This review aims to further discuss the mechanism of MetS in causing HF, the management of MetS in order to prevent HF, and the management of MetS in HF patients. Visceral adiposity is the primary trigger of MetS which is followed by chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and neurohormonal activation. All the mechanisms causing MetS play also an important role in the progression of HF. The MetS approach can be achieved by managing its components according to the current guidelines and careful management of MetS should be done in patients with HF. MetS is closely related to the progression of HF so that comprehensive management which involves a multidisciplinary team is necessary for managing patients with metabolic syndrome and heart failure.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human Brucellosis and associated risk factors among high-risk occupations in Mbeya Region of Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Sagamiko ◽  
Ruth L. Mfune ◽  
Bernard M. Hang’ombe ◽  
Esron D. Karimuribo ◽  
Alfred M. Mwanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease of public health and economic importance. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbeya region between November 2015 and January 2016 to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis and identify associated risk factors among individuals in risky occupations. Methods: A total of 425 humans from six occupational categories were serially tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), for screening and confirmation, respectively. A questionnaire survey was also administered to participants to collect epidemiological data. Results: The overall seroprevalence among the occupationally exposed individuals was 1.41% (95% CI: 00.64-3.12). Seroprevalence was higher among butcher men 5.6% (95% CI: 1.68-5.26), herds men 1.35% (95% CI: 0.18-9.02); and abattoir workers 1.1% (95% CI: 0.26-4.22) although there was no statistical significance. (P value = .18). Seroprevalence was also higher among men (1.8%) compared to females (0%) (P value = .19). and also, among those aged < 11 years (2.5%). Individuals who consumed raw milk had a higher seroprevalence (1.56%) compared to those who drunk boiled milk while seropositivity was 0.88% among those who assisted animals during parturition (P value = .49). Butcher men were at higher risk of exposure compared to other occupational categories. Our findings show the presence of brucellosis in occupationally exposed individuals in Mbeya region.Conclusion: There is need to sensitize the concerned professions in order to reduce the risk of acquiring Brucella infections from animals and animal products This also calls for public health awareness about the disease, and implementation of measures to prevent further spread of brucellosis within and outside the study area.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human Brucellosis and associated risk factors among high risk occupations in Mbeya Region of Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Sagamiko ◽  
John B. Muma ◽  
Esron D. Karimuribo ◽  
Alfred A. Mwanza ◽  
Ruth L. Mfune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Abattoir Workers

AbstractBackgroundBrucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease that affects humans, livestock and wildlife.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbeya region between November 2015 and January 2016 to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis and identify associated risk factors among individuals in risky occupations in Mbeya Region. A total of 425 humans from six occupational categories were serially tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), for screening and confirmation, respectively. A questionnaire survey was administered to participants collect epidemiological data.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence among the high risk occupational individuals was 1.41% (95% CI: 0.01-0.03). Seroprevalence among the different occupations were as follows: shepherds 1.33% (95% CI: 0.14-0.22); butcher men 5.26% (95% CI: 0.10-0.17) and abattoir workers 1.08% (95% CI: 0.39-0.49). Seroprevalence was noted to vary according to occupation type, milk consumption behaviour, age and sex. Butcher men recorded the highest seroprevalence (5.0%) while individuals who consumed unboiled milk had a higher seroprevalence (1.56%) compared to those who drunk boiled milk. High seropositivity (2.25%) was observed among the age group of 1-10 years while male individuals had a higher seroprevalence (1.41%) than females (0%). Butcher men were at higher risk of exposure compared to other professions.ConclusionOur findings show the presence of brucellosis in occupationally exposed individuals in Mbeya region. There is need to sensitize the exposed individuals in order to reduce the risk of acquiring Brucella infections from animals and animal products This also calls for public health awareness about the disease, and implementation of control measures that will prevent further spread of brucellosis within and outside the study area..Author summaryBrucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis that has evolved to establish itself as an occupational and food-borne disease Worldwide. It is responsible for huge economic losses incurred by livestock keepers and poses a public health risk to humans in most developing countries. In Tanzania, which has the 3rd highest cattle population in Africa, many studies that have been done show that brucellosis exists in livestock, especially in cattle and wildlife. However, very few studies have reported on human brucellosis. The disease has been reported to occur in humans who have direct exposure to cattle or cattle products like livestock farmers, abattoir workers, veterinarians, shepherds and farm workers in many developing countries. A few studies in Tanzania have reported seroprevalences among these high-risk occupations; however, the disease has not been fully described in Mbeya region. This study was therefore aimed at filling these information gaps and contributing to the existing body of knowledge.

scholarly journals SARS: current overview, aetiology and epidemiology

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Semra Čavaljuga ◽  
Michael Faulde ◽  
Jerrold J. Scharninghausen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Authorities

At this moment, public health authorities, physicians and scientists around the world are struggling to cope with a severe and rapidly spreading new disease in humans called severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) this appears to be the first severe and easily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century. Though much about the disease remains poorly understood, including the details of the causative virus, we do know that it has features that allow it to spread rapidly along international air travel routes. As of 10 May 2003, a cumulative 7296 probable SARS cases with 526 deaths have been reported from 30 countries on three continents (WHO, ProMED). In the past week, more than 1000 new probable cases and 96 deaths were reported globally. This represents an increase of 119 new cases and 8 new deaths compared with 9 May 2003 (China (85), Taiwan (23), and Hong Kong (7) represented the overwhelming majority, with one additional case each reported from France, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States). Only in China, as of 10 May 2003 (WHO) total of 4884 with 235 deaths have been reported. Some outbreaks have reassuring features.

scholarly journals Challenges in Vaccine Acceptance– A Framework & Toolkit for the COVID -19 Battle

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
Thanjavur S Ravikumar ◽  
Rakesh Kakkar ◽  
Vinoth Kumar Kalidoss
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
World Population ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Roll Out

During the first wave of this COVID-19 pandemic, India’s performance was relatively superior among the countries that had their first cases in January 2020. We grouped these countries as ‘January Cohort’ and analysed their relative performance (IJCH, April 2020), supporting India’s management. Fast forward to the present, India’s performance is woefully lacking, accounting for 30% of daily cases and 31% daily deaths with 18% of the world population [Worldometer Coronavirus database, June1,2021). On this same day, 50% of the countries worldwide (110 of 222) reported no deaths and 25% (57) without any daily new cases. Thus, we have faltered with a series of public health missteps despite a good start. The latest and the most remarkable failure of India is the vaccination, despite being the world’s foremost producer. Many of the poor performers initially in the January Cohort, such as UK and USA, focused on ‘vaccinating their way out of the pandemic’ since the roll out of vaccines in December2020. The results are in display starting February 2021- to date, with cases/ deaths on decline in these countries, while India is in a reverse direction. On June 1st, UK reported no COVID-19 deaths and USA had about 31% decline of 14-day moving average.

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