Non Linear Response of Masonry Wall Structures Subjected to Cyclic and Dynamic Loading

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Fernando Sima ◽  
Pere Roca ◽  
Climent Molins
Keyword(s):  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Matrix Formulation ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Equivalent Frame ◽  
Generalized Matrix ◽  
Frame Systems ◽  
Solid Walls

A method for non-linear dynamic analysis of wall masonry structures is presented. The method takes advantage of a Generalized Matrix Formulation (GMF) for the serviceability and ultimate analysis of structures composed of arches and/or masonry walls, in which open and solid walls are described as equivalent frame systems. This formulation has been complemented with a cyclic constitutive model and an algorithm for the integration of the equation of motion, resulting in a numerically efficient method for non-linear analysis in time domain of complex masonry systems.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Thermal and Moisture Processes in Various Types of External Historical Walls

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Bajno ◽  
Lukasz Bednarz ◽  
Zygmunt Matkowski ◽  
Krzysztof Raszczuk
Keyword(s):  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Mutual Comparison ◽  
Energy Audits ◽  
Biological Corrosion ◽  
Comfort Parameters ◽  
The Impact

In order to create and make available the following: Design guidelines, recommendations for energy audits, data for analysis and simulation of the condition of masonry walls susceptible to biological corrosion, deterioration of comfort parameters in rooms, or deterioration of thermal resistance, the article analyzes various types of masonry wall structures occurring in and commonly used in historical buildings over the last 200 years. The summary is a list of results of particular types of masonry walls and their mutual comparison. On this basis, a procedure path has been proposed which is useful for monitoring heat loss, monitoring the moisture content of building partitions, and improving the hygrothermal comfort of rooms. The durability of such constructions has also been estimated and the impact on the condition of the buildings that have been preserved and are still in use today was assessed.

scholarly journals Monitoring Instantaneous Dynamic Displacements of Masonry Walls in Seismic Oscillation Outdoors by Monocular Digital Photography

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guojian Zhang ◽  
Guangli Guo ◽  
Chengxin Yu ◽  
Long Li ◽  
Sai Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Digital Photography ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Crack Development ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Structures

Understanding the development of cracks in masonry walls can provide insight into their capability for earthquake resistance. The crack development is characterized by the displacement difference of the adjacent positions on masonry walls. In seismic oscillation, the instantaneous dynamic displacements of multiple positions on masonry walls can warn of crack development and reflect the propagation of the seismic waves. For this reason, we proposed a monocular digital photography technique based on the PST-TBP (photographing scale transformation-time baseline parallax) method to monitor the instantaneous dynamic displacements of a masonry wall in seismic oscillation outdoors. The seismic oscillation was simulated by impacting a suspended steel plate with a hammer and by simulation software ANSYS (analysis system), for comparative analysis. The results show that it is feasible to use a hammer to impact a suspended steel plate to simulate the seismic oscillation as the stress concentration zones of the masonry wall model in ANSYS are consistent with the positions of destruction on the masonry wall, and that the crack development of the masonry wall in the X-direction could be characterized by a sinusoid-like curve, which is consistent with previous studies. The PST-TBP method can improve the measurement accuracy as it corrects the parallax errors caused by the change of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of a digital camera. South of the test masonry wall, the measurement errors of the PST-TBP method were shown to be 0.83mm and 0.84mm in the X- and Z-directions, respectively, and in the west, the measurement errors in the X- and Z-directions were 0.49mm and 0.44mm, respectively. This study provides a technical basis for monitoring the crack development of the real masonry structures in seismic oscillation outdoors to assess their safety and has significant implications for improving the construction of masonry structures in earthquake-prone areas.

“Built Mostly of Itself”: Chicago and Clay, 1874–1891

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Leslie
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Hybrid Strategy ◽  
Floor Space ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
Metal Frame

This chapter describes major structures built from 1874–1891, which were dominated by taller masonry buildings that employed improved masonry, foundations, and fireproofing. Early fire-protected iron-framed buildings achieved modest increases in height over all-masonry structures. Wrapping iron columns and girders with terra-cotta jackets saved owners floor space that would otherwise have gone toward larger brick piers, though masonry was still the primary material for exterior walls. The result—jacketed iron structures inside surrounded by bearing masonry walls outside—was called “cage” construction in New York. The skyscrapers built in Chicago's building boom of 1884—1886 all deployed this hybrid strategy of metal frame and masonry wall. Skyscrapers supported, braced, and clad with masonry were also made stronger and more economical by the rise of a pressed-brick industry in Chicago.

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Unreinforced Masonry Walls

2016 ◽  
Vol 857 ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
S. Thomas Feba ◽  
Bennet Kuriakose
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Seismic Retrofitting ◽  
Nonlinear Static Analysis ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Historical Masonry ◽  
Nonlinear Static

Most of the monumental structures worldwide and residential structures in developing countries are built in masonry. The studies performed by various researchers prove the vulnerability of masonry structures under various circumstances, especially under earthquakes, so as to necessitate detailed contemplation. In this paper, a numerical model for nonlinear static analysis of unreinforced masonry walls is developed based on a macro-modelling approach. A detailed parametric study is also performed to analyse the effect of wall thickness as well as length on the behaviour of the masonry wall. The present numerical model can be utilized for risk assessment and seismic retrofitting of historical masonry structures.

Validation of non-linear equivalent-frame models for irregular masonry walls

2022 ◽  
Vol 253 ◽  
pp. 113755
Author(s):  
Guido Camata ◽  
Corrado Marano ◽  
Vincenzo Sepe ◽  
Enrico Spacone ◽  
Rossella Siano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Equivalent Frame

scholarly journals Numerical investigation of non-linear equivalent-frame models for regular masonry walls

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 512-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Siano ◽  
Pere Roca ◽  
Guido Camata ◽  
Luca Pelà ◽  
Vincenzo Sepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Investigation ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Equivalent Frame

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Out-of-Plane Behavior of Brick Masonry Walls Strengthened with Mortar and Wire Mesh: A Pioneer Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Panuwat Joyklad ◽  
Nazam Ali ◽  
Salvatore Verre ◽  
Hassan M. Magbool ◽  
Amr Elnemr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Flexural Capacity ◽  
Frp Composites

In the past, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been extensively used to modify the structural response of masonry brick walls. The promising advantages of FRP composites are easy application, lightweight, and very high tensile strength. However, FRP composites are very expensive, and their availability is an issue, especially in developing countries. The use of bricks is widespread in developing countries due to their low price and easy availability. Recent earthquakes and research results have demonstrated the vulnerability of existing masonry structures. In this study, we aimed to investigate the use of low-cost and readily available strengthening materials, i.e., cement-sand mortar and wire mesh, to enhance the flexural capacity of cement-clay interlocking brick (CCIB) masonry walls. The proposed strengthening materials were applied in different configurations and thicknesses. The experimental results indicated that using CS mortar and wire mesh is promising to enhance the flexural capacity of CCIB masonry walls. The flexural capacity and energy absorption capacity of the CCIB masonry wall (strengthened with 20 mm thick CS mortar and three layers of wire mesh) were 87% and 46% higher than the reference CCIB masonry wall. The results of this study can be used to improve the performance of masonry structures against earthquakes in the developing regions.

scholarly journals Numerical Modeling of Unreinforced Masonry Walls Strengthened with Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloy Strips

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Moein Rezapour ◽  
Mehdi Ghassemieh ◽  
Masoud Motavalli ◽  
Moslem Shahverdi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Vertical Strip ◽  
Maximum Resistance ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Post Tensioning

This study presents a new way to improve masonry wall behavior. Masonry structures comprise a significant part of the world’s structures. These structures are very vulnerable to earthquakes, and their performances need to be improved. One way to enhance the performances of such types of structures is the use of post-tensioning reinforcements. In the current study, the effects of shape memory alloy as post-tensioning reinforcements on originally unreinforced masonry walls were investigated using finite element simulations in Abaqus. The developed models were validated based on experimental results in the literature. Iron-based shape memory alloy strips were installed on masonry walls by three different configurations, namely in cross or vertical forms. Seven macroscopic masonry walls were modeled in Abaqus software and were subjected to cyclic loading protocol. Parameters such as stiffness, strength, durability, and energy dissipation of these models were then compared. According to the results, the Fe-based strips increased the strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity. So that in the vertical-strip walls, the stiffness increases by 98.1%, and in the cross-strip model's position, the stiffness increases by 127.9%. In the vertical-strip model, the maximum resistance is equal to 108 kN, while in the end cycle, this number is reduced by almost half and reaches 40 kN, in the cross-strip model, the maximum resistance is equal to 104 kN, and in the final cycle, this number decreases by only 13.5% and reaches 90 kN. The scattering of Fe-based strips plays an important role in energy dissipation. Based on the observed behaviors, the greater the scattering, the higher the energy dissipation. The increase was more visible in the walls with the configuration of the crossed Fe-based strips.

Influence of Sulphate on the Moisture Movement of Calcium Silicate Brick Masonry Wall

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mohamad H. Wan ◽  
B.H. Abu Bakar ◽  
M.A. Megat Johari ◽  
P.J. Ramadhansyah
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Brick Masonry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Moisture Movement ◽  
Moisture Expansion ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Wet Condition

This paper presents the behaviour of moisture movement of calcium silicate brick masonry walls exposed to sodium sulphate environment. The walls were exposed to three sodium sulphate conditions with sulphate concentrations of5%, 10% and 15%. For comparison, some walls were also exposed to dry and wet condition which acts as a control conditions. All specimens were prepared and cured under polythene sheet for 14 days in a controlled environmental room and maintained at relative humidity and temperature of 80 ± 5% and 25 ± 2°C, respectively. After the curing period, the specimens were exposed to sodium sulphate as well as drying and water exposures, during which moisture movement was measured and monitored for a period of up to 7 months. As a result, the moisture expansion was observed and recorded for all masonry wall specimens after exposed to the sulphate condition.

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