Preparation of Ni Loaded on Zeolite and its Application for Conversion of Glycerol to Hydrogen

In recent years, attention has been drawn to produce heterogeneous catalyst to replace homogeneous catalyst in biodiesel industry. This study was focused on the synthesis of three different types of alginate based heterogeneous catalyst (Ferric-alginate, Copper-alginate, and Nickel alginate) and the effect of the catalyst on esterification of oleic acid. Morphology and elemental analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of the catalyst. The new heterogeneous catalysts were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid at reaction temperature of 60°C and 2 hours reaction time. Fe-alginate has achieved the highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversation rate of 82.03%. The results and findings proved that transition metal-alginate heterogeneous catalyst has the potential and ability to esterify the free fatty acids prior biodiesel production from high free fatty acids feedstock.

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DEALUMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZSM - 5 AS CATALYST FOR GLYCEROL CONVERSION TO GLYCEROL MONOLAURATE

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.18.2.110-116 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Didi Dwi Anggoro ◽

Riko Rikardo Putra ◽

Herawati Oktaviani ◽

Lutfi Af’idatul Kamilah ◽

FatmaTsaniya Chamdani

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Glycerol Conversion ◽

Catalyst Synthesis ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Glycerol Monolaurate ◽

Glycerol Derivative

Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, andhomeopathic supplements. Glycerol is a compound glycerides, a byproduct of biodiesel production from the transesterification process. Glycerol is converted to glycerol derivative product that has more value as Glycerol Monolaurate (GML).GML is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, andhomeopathic supplements.One of the catalyst that had beenused is ZSM-5. Dealumination is used to change the acidity of the zeolite. This study consists of several stages, there are dealumination of zeolite ZSM-5 using H2SO4, drying at 110 ° C for 1 hour, Then calcination at a temperature of 550 ° C for 4 hours. Characterization catalyst to testing the acidity of the catalyst by absorption of ammonia and pyridine. Acidity of Zeolite is expressed in the mmol of ammonia or pyridine per gram of catalyst. Synthesis of monolaurate with dealuminated result are performed by GC-MS analysis, it’s to determine the molecular weight and to show a purity of Glycerol Monolaurate. Testing results obtained in the optimum conditions at dealumination temperature and dealumination time respectively are 40-60 0C and 2-5 hours. The dealumination variables are acid concentration, temperature and time of dealumination affecting ZSM-5 acidity and % yield of GML. The acidity affecting the yield% of Glycerol monolaurate produced Keywords :Glycerol, Glycerol Monolaurate, dealumination, ZSM - 5.

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Proses produksi triasetin dari gliserol dengan katalis asam sulfat

Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia ◽

10.5614/jtki.2013.12.1.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 192

Author(s):

W Widayat ◽

Hantoro Satriado ◽

A Abdullah ◽

Ika Windrianto K. Handono

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sulfuric Acid ◽

Production Process ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Batch Process ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Glycerol Conversion ◽

Acid Esterification

Triacetin production process from glycerol using sulfuric acid as catalyst.Glycerol can be produced from biodiesel production process with transesterification reaction. Glycerol of this reaction, not fully utilized as raw materials or as chemial products. Triacetate is a product of the esterification reaction of glycerol with acetic acid. Triacetate can be used for food and non-food. The objective of this study was to study the effect of temperature and the ratio of reactants on glycerol conversion on triacetate production process. The experiments were carried in batch process and total volume of glycerol and acetic acid 600 mL, stirring speed of 100 rpm and catalyst of sulphuric acid was 5 %-w glycerol based. The results of the qualitative analysis by means of FTIR confirmed there is Triacetate as product. Increasing of ratio molar of glycerol to acetic acid increased of glycerol conversion. The similar result obtained for temperature. The glycerol conversion was 67.6% and selectivity of triacetate 25%, where obtained using the reaction condition: mole ratio of glycerol to acetic acid 1:7, temperature 120 oC and 50 minutes.Keywords: glycerol, acetate acid, esterification, triacetin, glycerol conversion AbstrakGliserol dapat dihasilkan dari proses produksi biodiesel dari proses transesterifikasi. Gliserol dari proses ini, belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal sebagai bahan baku maupun sebagai produk jadi. Triasetin atau gliserol triasetin merupakan produk reaksi esterifikasi gliserol dengan asam asetat. Kegunaan triasetin cukup banyak baik untuk keperluan bahan pangan maupun non pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh temperatur dan perbandingan reaktan terhadap konversi gliserol dalam proses produksi triasetin. Percobaan dilakukan dengan proses curah, dimana volume total gliserol dan asam asetat sebesar 600 mL, kecepatan pengadukan 100 rpm dan katalis asam sulfat adalah 5 %-b gliserol. Hasil analisis kualitatif dengan alat FTIR menunjukkan adanya produk triasetin, dimana kesesuaian dengan bahan standar triasetin cukup tinggi. Peningkatan perbandingan gliserol dengan asam asetat akan meningkatkan konversi gliserol. Demikian juga dengan peningkatan temperatur juga akan meningkatkan konversi gliserol. Hasil yang terbaik diperoleh pada perbandingan mol pereaksi gliserol dan asam asetat 1:7 temperatur 120 oC, waktu 50 menit dengan nilai konversi sebesar 67,6% dan selektivitas sebesar 25%. Kata kunci: gliserol, asam asetat, esterifikasi, triasetin, konversi gliserol

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DEALUMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZSM - 5 AS CATALYST FOR GLYCEROL CONVERSION TO GLYCEROL MONOLAURATE

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.18.2.71-78 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Didi Dwi Anggoro ◽

Riko Rikardo Putra ◽

Herawati Oktaviani ◽

Lutfi Af’idatul Kamilah ◽

FatmaTsaniya Chamdani

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Glycerol Conversion ◽

Catalyst Synthesis ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Glycerol Monolaurate ◽

Glycerol Derivative

Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, andhomeopathic supplements. Glycerol is a compound glycerides, a byproduct of biodiesel production from the transesterification process. Glycerol is converted to glycerol derivative product that has more value as Glycerol Monolaurate (GML).GML is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, andhomeopathic supplements.One of the catalyst that had beenused is ZSM-5. Dealumination is used to change the acidity of the zeolite. This study consists of several stages, there are dealumination of zeolite ZSM-5 using H2SO4, drying at 110 ° C for 1 hour, Then calcination at a temperature of 550 ° C for 4 hours. Characterization catalyst to testing the acidity of the catalyst by absorption of ammonia and pyridine. Acidity of Zeolite is expressed in the mmol of ammonia or pyridine per gram of catalyst. Synthesis of monolaurate with dealuminated result are performed by GC-MS analysis, it’s to determine the molecular weight and to show a purity of Glycerol Monolaurate. Testing results obtained in the optimum conditions at dealumination temperature and dealumination time respectively are 40-60 0C and 2-5 hours. The dealumination variables are acid concentration, temperature and time of dealumination affecting ZSM-5 acidity and % yield of GML. The acidity affecting the yield% of Glycerol monolaurate produced Keywords :Glycerol, Glycerol Monolaurate, dealumination, ZSM - 5.

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New ultrastructural findings about Borrelia burgdorferi by cryofixation, negative staining, thin sectioning and scanning techniques

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100160467 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 582-583

Author(s):

S. F. Hayes ◽

M. D. Corwin ◽

T. G. Schwan ◽

D. W. Dorward ◽

W. Burgdorfer

Keyword(s):

Lyme Disease ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽

Structural Characterization ◽

Negative Staining ◽

Low Speed ◽

Thin Sectioning ◽

Ultrastructural Findings

Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi strains by means of negative staining EM has become an integral part of many studies related to the biology of the Lyme disease organism. However, relying solely upon negative staining to compare new isolates with prototype B31 or other borreliae is often unsatisfactory. To obtain more satisfactory results, we have relied upon a correlative approach encompassing a variety EM techniques, i.e., scanning for topographical features and cryotomy, negative staining and thin sectioning to provide a more complete structural characterization of B. burgdorferi.For characterization, isolates of B. burgdorferi were cultured in BSK II media from which they were removed by low speed centrifugation. The sedimented borrelia were carefully resuspended in stabilizing buffer so as to preserve their features for scanning and negative staining. Alternatively, others were prepared for conventional thin sectioning and for cryotomy using modified procedures. For thin sectioning, the fixative described by Ito, et al.

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